Full Text for Die Philister (Text)

t I I e r l' II n f t ber ~~mfter @3djmicrigrciten bc~ reitct. ~n bet iSiiffer±afef Glen. 10,6. 13.14 Iefcn tllir: ,,:Ilie Shnber bon ,\?am finb biefe: [fju§, IDliaraim, ~lI± lInb ~anaan. . .. 9)eiilraim ileugete Qubim, 2!namim, Qeabim, 91apfj±~lI~i1l1, ~a±fjt11fhn unb ~a§~ ru~im. iSon banncn flnb tommen bie ~ ~ if 1 ft i m lInb ~ap~±fjorim." @§ lucrben ~ier bie ~~mftim unb bie ~apfjt~odm i1ufammengefterrt, unb bie§ (lilit un§ tucnigftcns einigermal3en L~"en ~nfjar± fur bie .2iifung ber @3djmicrigfeit. ~ir IefCH namlidj ~eut. 2, 23: nUnb bie ~apqtfjorim sogen au§ .~apfjtfjor unb berHrgetcn bie grbim, bie au ,\?ailerhn mo~neten bi§ gen @laBa, unb moqncien an iqrer @3tati bafefbft." ,\?icr finb e§ Siuet ~unf±e, bie bcmcrfen§mert finb, namIidj bie @rtoafjnllng cines .l.?anbcs ober einer .l.?anbfdjaft namen§ Sl'ap~tqor unb bie madjridjt, baB biefe @r~ ooerer bie @3tab± ier~er ge~jjrt auc'fj ~er. 47, 4 b, too es tojjr±Iic'fj ~eiBt: ,,~enn ber &;;>®rr bertoiif±et bie ~~Hifter, bie noeroleillf eI ber Sl:iif±e Sl:ajJ~tfjot. u 2ruf ®runb biefcr ®±cIIen finb toit jcbenfa@ au ber 2rnnafjmc Ilerec'fjiig±, bat bie ~~iIiftim unb bie (£~eretfjim basfeIIle jlJoIf ober na~e bertoanbte jlJjjIferf c'fjaf±en lJeaeic'fjnen unb baB fie au£i Sl:ajJ~±~or ftamm±en. )ill 0 aoer ift bief e£i Sl: a jJ ~ ± ~ 0 r au finb en ~ ;it~omf en f c'fjreibt C~aIiiftina uub feine Sl:uItur in fiinf ~a~rtaufenben, 64): ,,2eiber toiffen toir ~eu±e noc'fj immet nic'fjt bieI met bie ~~Hif±er, beten il1ame ja nic'fj± nut Ilei uns in rec'fj± iiolem ®inne, fonbern auc'fj in ber feit &;;>erobot nac'fjmei£ioaren Q)eaeiCfjnung be£i 2anbes aI£i ,~aIiif±ina' fortlell±. 2ruc'fj bie 2ru!3graDungen ~aIlen ber~iir±nismiiBig menig mc'fj± iiDer biefe£i jlJorf betlireitet, olJhJo~I in tell essafi eine i~ter fiinf &;;>aujJtf±iibte, ®a±~, ber~ mu±e± tourbe unb in Q)e±~fCfjemefc'fj toie in ®eaer, bie i~rem )illo~nfi~e, bet Sl:iif±eneoene im ®iibluef±en ~aliif±ina£i, nafje ragen, ®jJuren bon i~nen ertoat±e± toerben fonnten. il1adj iiglJjJtifdjen ~(:adjridj±en ge~jjt±en fie au ber jlJjjHcrll10ge ber fogenann±en ®eebjjIfer, bie all§ bem fiibHc'fjen SHeinafien terre; rntf h~m 1:Ian7lhJegc, ±eifB iioer hie 1'fgiiif djen ;;Snl ern, Ile~ f onber£i Sl:reta, nadj ®ubof±en hJanberten." Sl:eH (au ;;Sct. 47, 4) fagt, baB fur hie ;Jbentifiaierung Sl:ajJfj±fjors mit Sl:re±a ~aWJare ®tiinhe fe~Iten. ®r erhJii~nt audj anbere ;it~eotien, nadj benen Sl:ajJ~±~or bas Eitorale be£i il1iIberta§ ober einen Eanbfttidj nnhJei± ber ®eoennlJtifdjen ~mmunbung ober einen anbern ;iteH ber ~eItafiifte Ileaeic'fjnet ~aIle. Urqu~ar± (New Biblical Guide. V, 113) tueif± ~in aUf bie iiglJjJ±ifc'fjen ~nf djrif±en ber acfjtcle~nten ~lJnaftic, auf benen bas )illort S1:ef±~ut ba!3 il1ifbeHa oeaeidjnet, 1mb fdjIieB± bann: "The Philistines came out from the Oasluhim, who seem to have occupied the western part of the delta. The Philistines appear to have settled then in the eastern part." IDlacaIif±er (The Philistines,' Their History and Civilization, 5 ff.) lieft Sl:eftiu ftatt Sl:eftur, tom aller bicfe 2anbfc'fjaf± nic'fj± allfolu± mit bem ~er±a ibeniificlicrcn. ®r f c'fjreiot mit groner jlJorfic'fj± (®. 15) : "All, then, that the Hebrews can tell us about their hereditary enemies is that they came from a vague traditional place called Oaphtol'- a place by the sea, but of which they have nothing more to say. The tradition of Oaphtor seems to be a tradition of the histol'ical glories of Orete, so far as the Egyptians knew of them, and the name seems to be a tradition of the name which, for some reason not certainly known, the Egyptians applied to the source of the desirable treasures of the Oretan civilization." Unb am ®djluB be!3 S~ajJi±eg C®. 28): "The conclusion indicated therefore is that the Philistincs were people composed of several septs, derived from Orete and the southwest corner of Asia Minor. Their civilization probably was derived from Orete, and though there was a large Oarian element in their com- position, they may fairly be said to have been the people who im- ported with them to Palestine the memories and traditions of the great days of Minos." ~aIlei ift aoer nidjt aU!3gefdjloffen, buj3 bie ~ie !J\~mftet. 27 !jS~mfter fidj auniidjft im 91iIbeIta nieberHeten, um fidj fl?iiter, burdj hie ~g~l?ter berbriingt. nadj 91orboften au itJenben unb bie ®oene @laron in \Befit au ne~mcn. ,Bu biefem @ldjlut fdjeint audj ~eH gefommen aU fein, itJenn er am ®nbe fetner turc3en ~u£;fii~rung fdjreiot, bat bie @JinitJanberung ber !jS~iIifter bon ~gt)l?ten ~er in ~anaan nidjt aitJeifeI~ ~aft ift· llBann aoer fanb biefe Q5jjIterberfdjieoung ftatt? linb itJ an n fi n b bie !jSljHif±er nadj ~anaan gefommen? Eaut be£; of6Iifdjen \Beridjg etitJa UUl ba£; :;'Saljr 2100 b. Grljr.; benn aur ,Bcit ~oraljaUl£; (ca. 2160-1985 b. Grljt.) toaren itJenigften£; einige @ltiimme ber !jSlji~ lifter im fubHdjen ;iteH be£; ~eoiete£;, oei ~erat. :;'Sn jener ,Bcit itJar ~oimefedj augenfdjeinHdj ~jjnig£;name, ba fidj biefe \Beileidjnung our ,Beit ~oraljam£; foitJoljf roie our ,Beit :;Sfaat£;, ®en. 20, 2 ft.; 21, 25 ft.; 26,1 ft., aoer audj nodj aU ::DabiM ,Beit finbet, 1 @lam. 21, 13, bgi. mit !jSf. 34, 1. ®titJa fedj£; :;Saljrljunbede fl?iiter itJaren bie !jSljiIifter fo ftart unb hiegerifdj, bat ~ott ba£; Q50U :;S£;rael nidjt aUf bem biteften llBege bon ®±ljam nadj ~aaa fuljrte, ba£; ~eitt, nictjt aUf ber @Stra13e burctj ber !jSljiIifter Eanb, bie am niidjften itJar; benn ~ott gebadjte, e£; mjjdjte ba£; Q50H gereuen, itJenn fie ben @ltreit fiiljen, ®6' 13, 17. Dogleidj bie ~inber :;S£;raef au£;~gl)\J±en geruf±e± aU£;ilogen, unb oogieidj fie oafb barauf bie ~marel'iter in ber llBuf±e uoeritJiiItigten, itJorrte ~ott fie bodj nidjt burdj cinen etlDaigen ~ngrift ber hiegerifdjen !jSljiIifter erfdjrecfen. ::Denn bat bie !jSljiIif±er ag Q50H unb in iljren cinaeInen @ltiimmen in ben :;saljrljunber±en fett ber !jSairiardjenaeit eine nidjt au unterfdjii~enbe WCadjt geitJorben itJaren, ergiOt fidj barau£;, bat gegen ®nbe be£; Eeoen~ :;sofua£; iljre funt :5±l1agf±iibte gcnl1nnt itJerben, niimHdj bie ber ®afi±er, 2\:£;bobiter, ~£;ffoniter, ~etljiter unb @Jfroniter, itJoau nodj bie ber oe" fiegten 2\:biter lommt, :;Sof. 13,3. lirquljar± (op. cit., III, 350 fl.) aitiert cinen liingeren 2\:ofdjnitt au£; D£;ourn, ber bie !jSljiIi]±er nl1dj iig~l?tifdjen \BiIbern unb \Befdjreioungen barfterrt, unb oemerft baou: "It will thus be evident that the Philistines were masters in the art of warfare and were among the most formidable foes whom the Israelites could as- sail." ;Ilat bie£; audj in ber {Sofgeaeit fo oHeo, ergint fidj nidjt nur au~ ben \Beridjien in ber \Bioef, fonbern audj au£; fonf±igen i)cadjridjten, O. \B. ber oft aitier±en bon bem 2\:ngrift be£; ~jjnig£; bon 2\:£;falon aUf Me pljjj~ niaifdje :5tabt :5ibon. @Jlje itJit bie ~ef cljidjte ber !jSljiIifter itJeiter bertolgen, ift e£; IDoljI angeoradjt, diD a? uoer iljre me Iigion ilU fagen, itJeH bief e audj mit in bie ljeiIige ~efdjidjte ljineinfpieH. ;Ilic !jSljiIifter fdjeinen bem !jSoI~t~ei?~ mu? geljulhig± uU ljaoen, aoer f 0, baf3 fie baoei audj in geitJiffem @linne WConoiairie trieoen. ;Ilcr aIIgemeinc ®jj~e itJm:: ;Ilagon, bem bie {Surf ten ber !jSljiIifter nadj ber ~efangennaljl11e @limfon£; ein grote£l Dl?fer bar~ auoringen gebadjten, midjt. 16, 23. ::Der ;itempel ::Dagon£; itJar au ®aau (~afa), Q5. 21. ~oer e£; gao audj einen ;itempeI ;Ilagon? au ~£;bob, 1 @lam. 5, 1 ft., unb ljier roerben au£;brucfIidj !jSriefter be? ~otte£; er" 28 'Ilie !p~mfter. waljn±, bie ob be£; Umwerfen£; iljre£; ®i.ilJenbHbe£; feljr beftiirst inaren. @in weiterer 5temper bief e£; ®oite£; Defanb fidj au me±ljf an, im ofiHdjen 5tei! be£; 5tale£; @.6btae!on obet :Je£;reeI, 1 (t:ljton. 10 (11), 10. @£; wutbe bo:t: einigen :Jalj:t:en De:t:idjtet, baB biefer 5temper fowie ber 1 ®am. 31, 10 e:t:wiiljnie 5temper be:t: ®otiin Wftljaroilj bon einer ardjiiologifdjen @~>: lJcbition gefunben worben feien. (Art and Archeology, XX, 5, ®. 277; Amer. J oumal of Archeol., XXXIII, No.1, ®. 34.) ~radj Wnnaljmc ber meif±en iJorfdje:t: f±ammte ber ®otf ~agon au£; ®umcr ober ®ub~ bablJronien, unb fein ~icnft wurbe burdj bie @roberung£;suge Wr±baDlJrO~ nien£;, waljtfdjeinHdj fdjon feit ber Sci± Sjammurabi§, nadj bem )[Beften gcirogen. ~agon wirb gelnoljnHdj bargef±cIIt mit bem Eeibe einc.6 iJifdjc.6 unb bent 9JbedorlJer cine£; .manne.6. @r gaH af§ ®lJmooI bc.6 )[Baffe:t:§ unb feine:t: IeoenflJenbenben Shiifte. )[Baljrenb Wftljarotlj waljrfcljeinIidj eine orientaHfdje iJorm ber ®i.ittin jllenu£; barfteIIte, fo Tann bie£; bodj nidjt mit boUige:t: ®idjcrljcif oeljauptet werben. ®o fdjreibt .\lRacaHfter (op. cit., ®. 94): "Oertainly Ashtaroth or Ashtoreth was pm' excellence the chal'actcl'lbtic SellilLlc deity, and worshipers of this goddess might well be said to have become completely Semitized. But there is evidence that makes it doubtful whether the assimilation had been more than partial." @r weift bann ljin aUf Die 5tatfau)e, buf3 nadj Sjerebot bart ein 5temper ber Wpljrobife Urania fianb, bon bem gefagt wurbe, baB er alter fei al£; bie otJ.priotifdje @inwanberung. ~ie£; wirb beftatigi burdj eine SU ~elo£; gefunbene ~nfdjrif±, in ber ein gelviller ~amon bon ~Mfalon feincn ®djuijgotiern cincn ~mar wibmd. ~ie ~nfdjrift Iau±C±: lI~em Seu£;, ber gute )[Binbe fenbet, unb ber 2fftarte bon q5aIiiftina unb be:t: WlJljrobite Urania, ben ®otiern, bie aufmetfen, tut ~amon, ®oljn be£; ~emetriu£; bon W£;ralon, ber au£; ben .\>iinben bon ®eeriiuoern erre±fef worben ift, biefl'£; ®eIiiobe. U '1:iemnadj ljiitte man au un±erfdjeibcn al1Jifdjen ber lJaliifiinenfifdjen 2fftarte unb ber WlJljrobiie bon W£;fafon, unb lualjr~ f djeinHdj war lvenigften£; urflJtiinglidj ein ltnte:t:f djieb swif djen ben beiben, wie benn audj bie eigentridje femitifdje ®ottin mit eincm iYifdj- fdjwans bargef±eIIt witb. ~ie au£;fuljrIidjf±e mefdjreibung biefer ®6ttin finbct fidj bet :0ioboru£; ®iculu£;; iljr pljiIiitinifdjer ~(ame war ~tar~ gaM. ~ebodj ift e£; fdjwer, ljier awifdjen ®efdjidj±e Hnb Eegenbe oU unterf djeiben. jllon anbern ®oijl'n, Me im q5r)i1ifterIanbl' bcreljt± wurben, finben itlir maaIf eoub olm meelaeouo aT£; ®o±t au Ci:fron erwiiljnt, 2 S\'on. 1, 17, ltnb 2flja£;ja, ber ®oljn 2fljaM, wi:t:b bOll ~Jia£; geftraft, luciI er Q30ten nadj @fton gefanbt ljaite, UUl bil'fen 0Jo~en au fragen. ~aB biefer ®oi2e audj nodj su:t: :Beit bc£; Weucn 5teftameni§ bdannt war, ergibt fidj au§ ben me3ugnaljmen be£; SjeiIanbe£; unb anberer in W1atilj. 10, 25; 12,24.27; .mad. 3, 22; Euf.l1, 15. 18. 19. Sjierljer geljoren bieI~ feidj± audj bie ®terren, bie Q3eef3eouf nennen; benn bcr9lante f djeint aofidjtHdj bon ben ~ltben forrumpicrt wo:t:ben ilU fein. Unb enbIidj '!lie !llf)ifi[ter. 29 juiire barauf ~in3utlJdfcn, baB nadj aUen 9ladjridjtcn 0>a8a, bas ur- fprunglidj~D,tnoa fjieB, aI§ ~ur±usf±iittc bes hetii djcn Beus ocl'annt ivat. (SSunger, )t~co., Crete in the Gre~k Tradition, ®. 66.) fillie idjon ooen ertlJiifjnt, lvaren hie ~~mfter mit ifjret 0>efdjidj±e unb ifjrcn fBoIf§±rabitionen bon ~reta unb mg~pten fjcr cin hiegerifdje§ Q3oIf, ba§ mit fBodieoe aUf @tooerung§i3uge ausging. :.Die§ tDirb oe- ftiitigt bmdj lJcridjiebcne SSifber unb ;;snfdjriften, bie man, oefonbers im ~emper bon Wlebine± SJaou, am Iinfen 9CHufer, gegenuoer bon Euffor, gefunben fjat. ilJCacaIif±er fdjreibt (op. cit., 118 fl.): "The Pulasati wear a plumed head-dress, the plumes being fitted into an elaborately em- broidered band encircling the temples and secured by a chin-strap passing in front of the ears. . .. Their sole body costume is the waistband, though some of them seem to have bracelets or armlets and bands or straps crossing the upper part of the body. The land contingent travel in wagons of a square, boxlike shape, some with framed, some with wickerwork sides. They have two solid wheels, secured to the axle by a linch-pin, and are drawll by luur oxell abreast. The sea contingent travel in ships which show a marked resemblance to that of the Phaetos Disk. The keel is curved, and both bow and stem rise high above the deck, with ornamental finials. . .. The warriors in the coalition are armed with a sword and with the long Oarian spear; they also have daggers and javelins for throwing and carry circular shields." l1rqufjati (op. cit., III, 350 fl.), ber cine ii~n­ Tidjc SScf djrcioung au§ :8§outn aitied, fiifjrt bann fort: "It will thus be evident that the Philistines were masters in the art of warfare and were among the most formidable foes whom the children of Israel could assail." :.Diefe ~a±fadje edliirt audj ben unaoliiifigen status bellicosus, ber i\IDifdjen ben Sfinbern ;;s§rael unb ben ~~mf±ern oef±anb. mci ber @in- nafjme .i1:anaan§ burdj ;;sofua ~ii±±e eigentridj audj bas ~~Hif±erIanb ulltertuorfen tlJerben follen; aoer tlJir tinben, ban ber SJ@rr au ;;sofua fagte: ,,:.Du oift aIt tlJorben unb tlJofjr oetaget, unb be§ 2anbe§ ift nodj fnft bier uorig ein3unefjmen, niimIidj bas gan3e 0>aHriia ber ~~iIifter [bie arlo bamaI0 bas 53anb im 9Corbcn bon ber (Eoene ;;se§rceI an inne- i;atten] unb gana 0>effuri, bom ®i~or an, ber bormg~pten fleuBt, 010 an hie 0>ren3e @fton gegen Wli±±ernadjt, bie ben Si:anaanitern 3uge- redjnci wirb, funf SJerren ber ~fjmfter, niimIidj bet 0>afi±ct, %C§bobiter, ber %C§f!oniter, ber 0>dfjitcr, ber @froniter (unb ber %Cbiter"), ZSof. 13, 1. 2. ~emgemiiB tlJirb audj im mudj ber !)Hdj±er gefagt: ,,:.Die§ finb hie .'\:>eiben, bie ber SJ@rr nCB oreioen, baB er an i~ncn ;;s§rael bcrfucljte, ... numIidj bie fUnf tyurf±en'ber ~fjmfter", uftlJ., ~ap. 3, 1. 3. :.Die ~fjiIifter oIieoen nun ;;safjrfjunbet±e ~inburdj bie unrufjigftcn S'cinbe ber SUnber ;;s§raeL 2nIerbing§ fc~rug ®amgar, ber ®o~n 2!nat~§, lcdj§~unbert ~fjiIifter mit einem :8djfenfteden ltnb er1i.ife±e ;;s§raeL, midjt. 3, 31. %Coer f djon in ~ap. 10 tlJirb un§ ocridjtet, baB bie Sl:inber ;;s§rael 30 Sl)te ~l)mfter. unter anbern ben ®iitiern ber ~fjmfter bienten, fo ban ber §J