<1tnurnrbitt
ml1tnlngirttl mnut41y
Continuing
Lehre und Wehre (Vol. LXXVI)
Magazin fuer Ev.-Luth. Homiletik (Vol. LlV)
Theol. Quarterly (1897-1920)-Theol. Monthly (Vol. X)
Vol. II July, 1931 No.7
CONTENTS
DALLMANN, WM.: How Peter Became Pope ....
Page
481
KRETZMANN, P. E.: Die Familie Davids................ 495
MUELLER, J. T.: Introduction to Sacred Theology...... 500
FUERBRINGER, L.: List of Articles Written by Dr.F.Bente 510
KRETZMANN, P. E.: Aramaismen im Neuen Testament 513
KRUEGER, 0.: Predigtstudie ueber 1 Tim. 6, 6-12. . . . . .. 520
Dispositionen ueber die von der Synodalkonferenz ange-
nommene Serie alttestamentlicher Texte ............... 526
Theological Observer. - Kirchlich-Zeitgeschichtliches. . . . .. 534
Book Revie\v. - Literatur .. _ ... __ , .. , ..................... . 553
Em Predlger muse nicht allein wBid""
also dass er die Sehafe unterweise, wie
aie rechte Ohrleten Bollen eern, Bontiem
aueh daneben den Woelfen wehr"" dass
Bie die Schafe nicht angreiien und mit
faleeher Lehre verfuehren und Irrtum ein·
fuehren. - Luther.
Es ist kein Ding, das die Leute mehr
bei der Kircha behaelt den.n die gtJtt
Predigt. - ApologiB, Art. 8~.
If the trumpet give an uncertain BOund,
who shall prepare himself to the battle f
1 Cor. ~,8.
Published for the
Ev. Luth. Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and Other States
CONCORDIA PUBLISHING HOUSE, St. Louis, Mo.
I
II
AhCI1IVr
Concordia
Theological Monthly
VOL. II JULY, 1931 No.7
How Peter Became Pope.
VIII. 1650-1929.
Alexander VII, 1655-1667. Fabio Ohigi protested as papal
nuntius against the peace of Muenster and Osnabrueck, and there-
upon Pope Innocent X condemned all concessions to Protestants in
the Peace of Westphalia. He got Innocent X to condemn the :five
propositions of the "Augustines" of J ansenius of Port Royal.
Gustav Adolf's daughter, Ohristine, joined the Roman Ohurch at
Innsbruck and went to live at Rome. When Fabio Ohigi had become
Pope, taking the name Alexander VII, he returned the Jesuits to
Venice, whence they had been expelled. He was forced to apologize
to the king of France and his ambassador and to erect on a public
square in Rome a pyramid with the inscription: "The Oorsicans are
forever unfit to serve the papal chair."
Oardinal Fabio Ohigi strongly censured the scandalous nepotism,
but as Pope he was easily persuaded by the fawning Jesuit Olivia
that it was a mortal sin not to bring his nephews to Rome and give
them rich offices, palaces, and princely possessions. He neglected his
official duties and wrote poetry. The Florentine ambassador reports
of him: "We have a Pope who never speaks a word of truth." (Hauck;
Janus, 419.)
Oardinal Sacchetti told the Pope his subjects suffered more than
the Hebrews in Egypt, were treated more inhumanly than the slaves
in Syria or Africa.
All through the seventeenth century the Popes had founded great
princely families - Borghese, Ludovisi, Barberini, Pamphili, Ohigi,
Rospiglioso, Allieri. These great houses grew wealthy out of the
spoils of the Ohurch. (Acton, Lect. Mod. Hist., 226.)
Innocent XI, 1676-89, told the clergy to preach Ohrist Orucified
and educate the young; told the women to dress modestly and not to
expose bosom and arms; forbade music to all female Romans;
31
482 How Peter Became Pope.
raided gambling hells. He condemned the Jesuits Escobar, Suarez,
Busenbaum, and others as "lax moralists." He favored Tyrso (}on-
zales, the opponent of "probabilism." He did not favor the efforts of
James II to Romanize England. "He blessed William of Orange
hoping to embarrass Louis XIV." (Krueger, p.202.) He celebrated
the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes with a Te Deum and bonfires.
He encouraged Sobieski to free Vienna from the Turks in 1683.
France took Avignon, forbade sending money to Rome, and was about
to raise an antipope.
Alexander VIII, 1689-91, practised nepotism on a grand scale;
bought Queen Ohristine's library for the Vatican; condemned the
Jesuit "philosophical sin."
Innocent XII, 1691-1700, imprisoned gambling women and tried
to reform the monks. Urged by Bossuet, he condemned 23 sentences
of Fenelon, but did not dare to condemn the Pelagianism of Oardinal
Sfondrati. The Elector Frederick August of Saxony turned Oatholic,
hoping thus to obtain the Polish crown.
Clement XI, 1700-21, introduced the festival of the Immaculate
Oonception of Mary on December 6, 1708. He called the rise of the
Brandenburg Elector to king of Prussia a "shameless crime against
religion." (Krueger, p.202.) In 1713 the Jesuits got him to issue
the constitution Unigenitus condemning 101 points in Paschasius
Quesnel's New Testament.
InnocentXIII, 1721-4, forbade the Jesuits to do mission-work
in Ohina and to receive new members and even thought of disbanding
them; but he would not condemn the U nigenitu8 of Olement XI.
Benedict first called himself XIV; later he considered Peter de
Luna a schismatic and called himself the XIII, 1724-30; At the
Lateran Oouncil in 1725 he tried to reform the clergy, but in vain.
He made Pope Gregory VII a saint expressly for banning Kaiser
Henry IV. His venal and avaricious Secretary of State, Oardinal
Ooscia, was imprisoned and fined by Clement XII, 1730-40, who saw
the papal political power prostrate.
In 1737 the Venetian ambassador at Rome wrote home: "I can-
not deny that there is something unnatural in the sight of all the
Catholic governments in such disagreement with the Roman court
that no reconciliation can be imagined which would not vitally injure
this court. Whether it be due to greater enlightenment, as many
say, or to the spirit of oppression of the weak, it is certain that the
rulers are rapidly advancing towards depriving the See of Rome of
all its temporal rights."
Benedict XIV, 1740-58, tried to reform the clergy, condemned
the missionary practise of the Jesuits in Ohina, and again in Mala-
bar, and would reform that order. "Though all truth is locked up
in my breast, I must confess that I cannot find the key to it." He
How Peter Became Pope. 483
was fond of cracking jokes that sound shocking in the mouth of the
Vicar of Ohrist. He died with a joke on his lips.
Clement XIII, 1758-69, was a mere creature of the Jesuits.
When Louis XV tried to get a reform from the J esui ts, General Ricci
made the famous reply, U Sini ut sunt aut non sini - They shall be
as they are, or they shall not be at alL" Portugal, France, Spain,
Naples, Milan, Venice, and Parma kicked out the Jesuits. The Pope
tried to protect his friends with the interdict, but the world took no
notice, and he moaned that "the Vicar of Ohrist was treated like the
lowest of mortals." Poisoned by the Jesuits?
Little influence of the Holy Ghost, much influence of the French
Bourbons, intrigues between Jesuits and anti-Jesuits, 185 ballots in
three months, and Lorenzo Ganganelli became Pope Clement XIV,
1769-74. He saw the need of reforms, but could not effect them.
He told the French king it was impossible to suppress the Jesuits,
who had been confirmed by nineteen Popes. He suppressed them on
August 16, 1778, in the Breve Dominus ac Redemptor Noster.
Poisoned by the Jesuits?
In Coena Domini was no longer read on Maundy Thursday.
Pius VI, 1775-99, a handsome dude, had criminal intercourse
with Madame Falconieri, but to his clergy he forbade women, theaters,
and gambling. Bishop Nicholas von Hontheim of Trier, under the
name of J ustinus Febronius, wrote The State of the Church and
Legitimate Power of the Roman Pontiff, favoring a return to the
Early Ohurch. The Punctation of Ems by the Archbishop of Mainz,
Trier, Koeln, and Salzburg' also reduced the primacy of the Pope to
primitive times.
Maria Theresia reformed the Oatholic Ohurch of Austria, and
the Pope forbade masses for the repose of her soul.
Kaiser Joseph II made himself master of the Austrian Ohurch;
he reduced the worship of relics, processions, and pilgrimages, re-
moved wide altars, and used the language of the people in public
worship. Out of 2,000 monkeries only 700 were left; of the nun-
neries, only a very few. Thereby 18,000,000 gulden could be used for
practical church purposes.
The Pope journeyed to Vienna, Oount Kaunitz abruptly declined
any negotiations with the Pope, who returned and threatened excom-
munication. His letter was returned with the request to punish the
insolent man who had dared to write it in the Pope's name. Kaiser
Leopold I decreased the clergy, reformed the morals of the monks,
and ended the Inquisition. The Pope got Hontheim to retract his
Febronianism, but could not end brigandage.
In July, 1790, the French National Assembly signed the "Oivil
Oonstitution of Clergy." The Pope condemned it. The Parisians
burned the Pope in effigy and his encyclical in reality, and Avignon
was seized.
484 How Peter Became Pope.
Napoleon marched on Rome. In 1798 Rome was a republic. The
sick old Pope was made a prisoner and dragged away to the Dauphine,
where he died on August 29, 1799.
Bishop Ricci wrote in 1786: "Rest assured that no one in Rome
knows what religion is"; again in 1787: "In the dark there shirk
about the bricks of a court which, abusing a holy religion, would
subject the whole world to its control"; again, 1798: "The Pope is
near Florence. The scandals of his entourage help much to destroy
him in the eyes of the people. So far few people knew how they are
accustomed to live at the Roman court, where, without respect to
Jesus Christ, they care only for the breves of His vicar, who has the
power to forbid and permit." (Schick, 241.242.)
Pius VII, 1800-23, made a concordat with France, Napoleon's
greatest mistake. Lafayette said, as long as the "little coronation
bottle had not been broken over his head," Napoleon needed the Pope.
Napoleon took the crown from the Pope's hands and crowned himself
and Josephine, December 2, 1804. When the Pope refused to divorce
Miss Patterson of Baltimore from Jerome, the emperor, in anger,
divorced her himself. On May 17, 1809, the emperor made Rome an
imperial city, annexed the Papal States to France, dragged the Pope
as prisoner in a wagon to France, insulted and injured him, and
forced him to indirect cession of the Papal States in January, 1813.
In March, 1814, the Pope regained his freedom and the Papal States.
On August 7 he restored the Jesuits. On June 26, 1816, he cursed
Bible societies as "a horrible invention, which undermined the foun-
dation of religion"; even the Catholic version of Leander van Ess
was put on the Index of Forbidden Books. He allowed the divorce
of Napoleon and Josephine on very trivial and unscriptural ground.
(Grafton, Carr., p.33. Guizot, Hist. France, chap. 7, p.390.)
In Spain alone, down to the year 1809, when it was abolished by
Napoleon, the Inquisition burned alive 31,912 persons and imprisoned
291,450, according to Llorente. (Bain, Development, 164.) The whole
number of its victims is 341,021.
On August 17, 1820, Spain abolished the Jesuits, most cloisters
were closed, money to Rome was forbidden, the spiritual court was
restricted; Villanueva, in the Cortes, was for ending the Papacy;
like measures were taken in Portugal. The Pope forgave and helped
Napoleon on St. Helena.
On August 6, 1806, Francis II, the one hundred and twentieth
emperor from Caesar Augustus, resigned the imperial crown and thus
ended the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation.
In 1819 Count Joseph de Maistre published Du Pape, in which
salvation is to be hoped for only from Rome. The echo is in the
words of the editor of the translation set on foot by Friedrich August
Schlegel: "Without the Pope there can be no Christianity." In
How Peter Became Pope. 485
Italy, Oarlo Fea again claimed the Pope is above kings even in
worldly matters. Oonsalvi refused the imprimatur, but it was printed
under Leo XII.
Leo XII, 1823-9, cursed Bible societies on April 5, 1824; forced
Jews to attend missionary services and butchered hundreds of them.
He had the idea the State was a mold to be filled with spiritual
matter. Ranke writes: "Leo XII was hated by all, from the prince
to the beggar." He died during the carnival, and the people moaned:
"The Holy Father inflicted three ills upon us - he accepted the
crown, he lived long, and by his death he spoiled the carnival."
(Krueger, 227.228.)
Pius VIII, 1829-31, cursed Bible societies for preaching "the
gospel of the devil" in the language of the people.
Gregory XVI, 1831-46, told Oretineau-Joly: "At first no one
noticed my book Il Trionfo della S. Sede, not even my brethren of
the cloister; now that I am Pope, all are agreed that it is an excel-
lent work." He forbade railroads and gas-lighting in the Papal
States. Five powers demanded the promised reforms in the Papal
States; but the Pope did not keep his promises. In 1831 the univer-
sities were closed, and the students left full of hatred for the Ohurch
and Ohristianity. On August 15, 1832, he warred on modern society,
called liberty of conscience a "deliramentum." In 1835 he condenmed
Georg Hermes of Bonn as a "teacher of error." Oardinal Oapacini's
financial advice was not needed, the Pope being Peter's successor.
On May 8, 1844, he condemned Bible societies and the Evangelical
Alliance. On.r uly 6, 1845, Moniteur announced officially that the
Pope had abandoned the French Jesuits. Gioberti attacked the
Italian Jesuits. Massimo d' Azeglio and Gino Oapponi demanded
separation of Ohurch and State. The Romans encored a dancer
eighteen times, and the Pope said, "As long as my Romans applaud
a dancer, they will not revolt." The Pope took the names of Ooper-
nicus and Galileo from the Index. Bishop Arnoldi of Treves exposed
the seamless coat of Ohrist.
Gregory XVI, 1831-46, was a frequent visitor in the family of
the barber Gaetano Moreni, whom the Pope made a nobleman. For
this barber's little son three cardinals and twenty-seven bishops were
sponsors! The Romans called this boy of the barber only "Grego-
riolo," "Little Gregory." Why~ Father Gavazzi says Gregory XVI
"was an inveterate drunken apostate." (Lectures in New York,
p.186.)
Pius IX, 1846-78, saw revolutionary bullets fall in the Quirinal
and fled in disguise with the Bavarian minister's wife to Gaeta, and
the Roman republic was proclaimed on February 9, 1849.
Oudinot's French troops took Rome. The Pope returned in 1850
and butchered hundreds, for which Oavour denounced him to Europe
as a butcher.
486 How Peter Became Pope.
The Roman Oatholic Lord Acton writes of "the Papacy with its
inventory of systematic crime."
F. R. de Lamennais, in 1854, complained he had found in Rome
no other god than self-interest. "There men would sell nations, the
human race, the three Persons of the blessed Trinity, one after the
other or all together, for a morsel of land or for a few piastres."
(Hase, I, p. 236.)
Ourci, in Il Vaticano Regio, says things are as bad now in Italy
as they were when the Oommittee of Oardinals reported to Pope
Paul III and, for example, that in one small southern diocese during
the latter years of Pius IX there was not a single priest nor even
a bishop who did not notoriously keep a mistress." (0. VII, Sec. 16.
Littledale, p.224. Prot. Treas., p. 83.)
Dr. Johann Friedrich von Schulte speaks of the ignorance and
immorality of the numerous clergy at Rome, where Antonelli did not
set a good example. (Vierteljahrsbericht, p. 74, Heft 3, 1909. Bertels-
mann.)
During the long reign of Pope Pius IX the reins of power were
held by the Secretary of State, Oardinal Antonelli, in whose strong
hands the weak Pope was little better than a puppet. This great
cardinal, the virtual ruler of the Oatholic Ohurch, was all the time
leading an immoral life, and at his death the Oountess Lambertini,
one of his illegitimate children, through the courts sought her share
of her father's fortune which, by Italian law, is the due of illegiti-
mate children. It amounted to 110,000,000 francs.
Father .J er. Orowley said the dying Oardinal Antonelli refused
the Sllcraments, saying he had never believed in their efficacy. (Graf-
ton, Corr., p. 34.)
Shortly after 1846 the Pope called the bulk of the Italian priest-
hood "dirt." Dean Alford in 1866 said: "It is known for a fact
that priests who have been compelled to fly from the kingdom of Italy
for the foulest and most revolting crimes against nature are har-
bored and favored here. Rome in its present state is a disgrace to
Ohristendom and a blot upon humanity itself." (Prot. Treasury,
p.83.) In 1868 the Pope gave the Golden Rose of Virtue to the very
immoral Queen Isabella of Spain.
In his diary, under date of March 29, 1848, Oardinal Manning
states that "the Re",oulars, especially the Dominicans [in Rome], are
open to the same charge" (of immorality). In Purcell's Life of Car-
dinal Manning (Vol. I, p. 386) we read that Pope Pius IX made many
attempts to reform the monastic orders in Italy, but that they were
always frustrated by the obstinate resistance of the great religious
houses, especially the Dominicans. At the time of the suppression
of the religious orders by the revolutionary government of Italy,
Pius IX is said to have declared that, though he was bound to con-
How Peter Became Pope. 487
demn the suppression of the monasteries, in his heart he could not
but rejoice, as it was a blessing in disguise. On inquiring, in 1887,
of Oardinal Manning whether this reported declaration of Pius IX
were true, His Eminence replied that, whether such an expression
had been actually delivered or not, it truly represented the views of
the Pope. The cardinal added that the success of the revolution in
Italy was in no small degree due to the laxity of morals in the
clergy, seculars and regulars, and to defective education and training
in the schools. (Prot. Treas., p. 180.)
Oardinal Manning said that ecclesiastics had occasionally been
sent from Rome to South America to reform evil-living priests, but
that their efforts had been thwarted. The offenders had in some
instances even attempted to murder the Pope's emissaries.
Of the monks in Oatholic Peru, Oardinal Vaughan writes: "The
monks here are in the lowest state of degradation, and a suppression
of them would be an act of divine favor." (J. G. Snead-Oox's Life of
Cardinal Vaughan, 1910, Vol. I, p.136, in Prot. Treas., p.181.)
At La Salette, near Grenoble, on September 19, 1846, two chil-
dren minding cows on a lonely mountain saw a fine lady robed in
a yellow dress who said she was the Virgin Mary. The matter became
known, pilgrims crowded to the place, chapels arose, hotels were
opened, medals were struck, and the wonderful water was sold, for
it cured disease and converted sinners.
Oardinal Newman's friend and diocesan, Bishop Ullathorne of
Birmingham, published an account of his visit, professing full belief
in the reality of the miracle. He opened, at Stratford-on-Avon,
a chapel to Our Lady of La Salette and introduced the Oonfraternity
of La Salette into his diocese. By a brief of August 26, 1852, the
Pope gave a plenary indulgence to visitors to La Salette besides other
privileges. Ullathorne's priest, Wyse, writes: "In matters of faith
God loves a cheerful giver. He is not pleased with those who seek
what is the very minimum of belief which will secure their salvation.
In these days of infidelity supernatural faith, cultivated for safety's
sake to the very utmost, is the only security against the vilest errors."
Other Oatholics declared the whole thing a fraud, saying the
"Virgin Mary" was one Oonstance Lamerliere, a nun, half knave, half
crazy. She was forced to bring an action for defamation of char-
acter; the court decided against her; on appeal the decision was
confirmed.
The Pope, on December 8, 1854, solemnly proclaimed the dogma
of the Immaculate Oonception of the Virgin Mary. The Jesuit
Schrader rightly says: "The independent definition of a dogma in-
cludes at the same time, not indeed explicitly and formally, but none
the less undoubtedly and positively, another dogmatic decision, viz.,
that of the disputed question whether the Pope is in his own person
488 How Peter Became Pope.
infallible in matters of faith or whether he can claim this infallibility
only at the head of a council." (Krueger, 237.)
The proclamation of this doctrine was made in the apostolic
letter Inef/abilis Deus, which was read in the presence of more than
two hundred bishops. The Pope, however, declared this teaching on
his own authority as the universal pastor and "the living voice" of
the Ohurch of Ohrist. This makes it necessary to salvation to believe
that Mary, from the moment of her conception, was without sin.
Pious IX placed a jeweled crown on an image of "the Queen of
Heaven and Earth." He said: "The most Blessed Virgin ... 'bruised
the serpent's head' ... and will, by her most present and most power-
ful patronage with God, turn away the scourges of divine wrath
wherewith we are affiicted for our sins. . .. 1£ there is any hope in
us, if any grace, if any salvation, it redounds to us from her. . . . We
have everything through Mary."
Jesus, Mary, Joseph, are placed exactly on an equality and called
"the Earthly Trinity" by Gerson, quoted by Oardinal Manning.
Witness this prayer in Oardinal Vaughan's Manual:-
"Jesus, Mary, and Joseph, I give you my heart and my soul.
Jesus, Mary, and Joseph, assist me in my last agony."
In the Raccozta, published at Rome in 1825 "with the license of
superiors," we find these prayers:-
"Sweet Heart of Mary, be my salvation."
"Leave me not, my Mother, in my own hands, or I am lost. Let
me but cling to thee. Save me, my Hope; save me from hell."
"I adore you, Eternal Father; I adore you, Eternal Son; I adore
you, Most Holy Spirit; I adore you, Most Holy Virgin, Queen of
the Heavens, Lady and Jl.fistress of the Universe."
In 1803 the Oongregation of Rites decreed that "in all the
writings of Alfonso de' Liguori there is not one word that can be
justly found fault with," and Pope Pius IX made him a "Doctor of
the Ohurch." Oardinals Wiseman and Manning formally recom-
mended his Glories of Mary, from which we quote:-
"Mary is our only refuge, help, and asylum."
"Often we shall be heard more quickly and be thus preserved
if we have recourse to Mary and call upon her name than we should
be if we called on the name of Jesus, our Savior."
"Many things are asked from God and are not granted; they are
asked from Mary and are obtained."
"At the command of the Virgin all things obey, even God."
"He who is protected by Mary will be sayed; he who is not will
~fu~·
Some tried to mount a red ladder topped by Ohrist and fell and
fell again. They were advised to mount a white ladder topped by
Mary, and they went up easily; for our Blessed Lady helped them,
How Peter Became Pope. 489
and so they got safely to heaven. Liguori quotes this story two times.
So it is easier to be saved by Mary than by Ohrist. If that is not
blasphemy, what is blasphemy? The Oatholic Bishop Strossmayer
said in the Vatican Oouncil : "We have made a goddess of Mary,"
yes, and even the chief Deity. Rome has turned Ohristianity into
Marianity.
The rosary has 166 beads, on which are recited one Oreed, frfteen
Our Fathers, and a hundred and fifty Hail Marys.
The pagan Romans "worshiped and served the creature more
than the Oreator," Rom. 1, 25. It seems the papal Romans are doing
the same.
Knute Rockne did his work "under the banner of the Mother of
God, and we feel that she took care of him in his hour of need"-
in death. So said the Rev. J. F. O'Hara, prefect of religion at Notre
Dame University, on March 31.
Where does Ohrist come in? He does not come in. Mary is the
savior. Marianity, not Ohristianity.
On February 11, 1858, at Lourdes, in Gascony, while picking up
dry wood, Bernadette Soubirous, a poor girl of fourteen, saw a beau-
tifullady in white with a blue sash, who said, "I am the Immaculate
Oonception," and invited the girl to drink at a fountain. Seeing no
fountain, the girl scraped away some earth with her hands, and water
came out, which now supplies millions of bottles for effecting wonder-
ful cures. The bishop sanctioned the miracle, and pilgrims crowded
thither. The miracles wrought by the prayers of Our Lady of Lourdes
ought to banish all doubts.
Shortly after the pilgrimages to Lourdes others were organized
at Paray-Ie-Monial, where Marguerite Marie Alacoque, at the end of
the seventeenth century, saw, for instance, our Lord's heart in His
bosom burning as in a furnace and her own heart placed as a small
atom of fire in that furnace. Pope Pius IX beatified her and sanc-
tioned the devotion to the Sacred· Heart of Jesus, now so very popular.
At Whitsuntide, 1862, Pius IX assembled his cardinals and hun-
dreds of bishops and canonized the twenty-six martyrs who perished
in the persecution of Japan in 1597 and hoped thereby to gain new
intercessors with God.
In March, 1864, the Pope addressed a brief to the Archbishop of
Munich, in which he declared that the opinions of Oatholic writers
were subject to the authority of the Roman congregations.
On December 8, 1864, came the encyclical Quanta Gura with the
eighty clauses of the Syllabus condemning modern "errors." No. 55
condemns "the Ohurch ought to be separated from the State and
the State from the Ohurch."
Replying to the Association for Promoting the Unity of Ohristen-
dom, Oardinal Patrizzi says, with the authority of the Holy Office,
490 How Peter Became Pope.
dated Rome, November 8, 1865: "Whosoever is separated from the
one and only Oatholic Ohurch, however well he may believe himself
to live, by this one sin of separation is in a state of wrath ... out of
which is neither salvation nor entrance into the kingdom of heaven."
(Dearden, 61.)
St. Augustine says: "Those who are unjustly excommunicated
are crowned of God in secret."
Pius IX wrote Emperor William I on August 7, 1873, that all
baptized persons belonged in some measure to the Pope.
The Roman Oatholic historian Lingard writes: "The Popes be-
came sovereigns over sovereigns and assumed the right of judging
them in their papal courts and of transferring their crowns as they
thought just." (A. B., 494.)
The Papacy's "ideal of the Ohurch is a universal empire spir-
itually and, where it is possible, physically, ruled by a single monarch,
an empire of force and oppression, where the spiritual authority is
aided by the secular arm in summarily suppressing every movement
it dislikes." (Janus, Preface, XV.)
Gladstone, in his Vaticanism, says of the Pope's system that "its
influence is adverse to freedom in the state, the family, and the indi-
vidual. When weak, it is too often crafty, and when strong, tyran-
nical." He says it is the Pope's policy that in "the Ohurch of Rome
nothing shall remain except an Asian monarchy, - nothing but one
giddy height of despotism and one dead level of religious sub-
serviency."
"To assail this system is the Alpha and Omega of my desire, and
it is to me a matter of regret that I am not able to handle it as it
deserves without reflecting upon the persons, be they who they may,
that have brought it into the world, have sedulously fed its weakness,
have reared it up to its baleful maturity, have forced it upon those
who now force it upon others, are obtaining for it from day to day
fresh command over the pulpit, the press, the confessional, the
teacher's chair, the bishop's throne." (Anglican Brief, 482.483.)
Bismarck called the papal party a breaching-battery against the
state; "a political power that has interfered with the greatest reso-
lution and success in the affairs of this world, that aims at such inter-
ference and has made it part of its program"; "the immemorial
struggle between the royal power and the priesthood."
In the bull Aeterni Patris Unigenitus, Pius IX called the Vatican
Oouncil. Of the 750 Fathers the non-Italians did not number 300,
whereas the 450 others were either Italians or directly dependent
on the Pope for their living or on the Propaganda Fide. Pius IX,
moreover, gave free lodging to some 180 poor Fathers, who repaid his
hospitality by shouting for the infallibility. Dupanloup wrote or
inspired the pamphlet La Situation des Ohoses a Rome~ proving that
How Peter Became Pope. 491
the Pope tyrannized the council, which, against the protest of almost
all learned Oatholics, voted to declare the Pope infallible.
On July 18, 1870, in the constitution Pastor Aeternus, Pius IX,
all by himself, proclaimed his infallibility.
"We teach and declare as a dogma revealed by God: that the
Roman Pontiff, when he speaks ex cathedra, i. e., when, in the dis-
charge of his office as pastor and teacher of all Ohristians, by virtue
of his supreme apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine touching
faith or morals to be held by the Universal Ohurch, is, in virtue of
the divine assistance promised to him in St. Peter, endowed with that
infallibility with which the divine Redeemer willed that His Ohurch
should be provided in defining doctrine touching faith or morals; and
that therefore such definitions of the Roman Pontiff are of themselves,
and not because of the assent of the Ohurch, irreversible. And if
any man - which God forbid! - should presume to oppose this our
definition, let him be accursed."
At last! After a checkered career of ups and downs, after 1,800
years of fraud and force, the humble Elder Peter is become the
infallible Pope.
Faber said: "The sovereign Pontiff is the third visible presence
of Jesus Ohrist among us, the visible shadow that proceeds from the
invisible Head of the Ohurch in the Blessed Sacrament."
The Oivilta Oattolica wrote: "When the Pope thinks, it is God
who thinks in him."
In 1415 the Oouncil of Oonstance and in 1432 the Oouncil of
Basel decreed: "Even the Pope is bound to obey" the councils.
Keenan's Oontroversial Oatechism calls papal infallibility "a Prot-
estant invention; it is no article of Oatholic faith."
When Pius IX, in 1870, declared himself infallible, this was
quietly left out. (Gore, p.123.)
For nearly two hundred years, especially in 1788-9, the bishops,
clergy, and laity of England and Ireland denied the Pope's infalli-
bility and temporal power over civil governments were doctrines of
the Ohurch. Upon that the government granted to Oatholics polit-
ical rights.
Gladstone writes: "Either the See and Oourt of Rome had . . .
abandoned the dream of enforcing infallibility on the Ohurch, or
else by wilful silence they were guilty of practising upon the British
Orown one of the blackest frauds recorded in history."
Oardinal Newman lamely says the Pope was no party to those
declarations. Very well, but the Pope did not excommunicate those
liars and perjurers! (A. B., 493.)
On September 20, 1870, Victor Emmanuel made a breach in the
wall of Rome and marched to the Quirinal. In the October elections
only a few votes were against taking Rome into the kingdom of
492 How Peter Became Pope.
united Italy, and the Pope's kingship was carried to the grave. On
May 13, 1871, the Guarantee Law allowed the Pope the Vatican, the
Lateran, Oastel Gandolfo on Lake Albano, complete freedom in his
spiritual authority, and 3,250,000 lire a year. But the Pope refused
the offer and preferred to play the role of the Prisoner of the Vatican.
Leo XIII is responsible for the terrible massacre of Perugia,
June 20, 18&~, when Oolonel Anton Schmid of Uri, with "the scum
of all Europe," murdered mothers and children, forced wives and
nuns, plundered and burned homes, and destroyed images, cruci-
fixes, etc. Many cardinals died suddenly. Roman rumor had it they
were poisoned. Oardinal Hohenlohe believed it and was afraid to
drink the very wine he used in the Mass. (Engert, II, 176.177.)
On June 20, 1894, Leo called himself the "Vicar of the Almighty
here on earth" and on December 3, 1880, called the Protestant mis-
sionaries the "messengers of the Prince of Darkness." (Krueger, 256.)
The German Oatholic Oenter party resented the Pope's inter-
ference in politics, in the Septennate question, January 21, 1887.
The Pope recognized the French republic, but the earnest French
Oatholics refused to follow the Pope.
The Pope condemned the Freemasons as the "synagog of Satan."
Leo Taxil befooled the Pope and Ohurch for more than a decade.
On January 22, 1899, the Pope condemned "Americanism." In
the encyclical Aeterni Patris, Leo commanded that "the golden wis-
dom of Aquinas "should again be taught and spread as widely as
possible for the defense and adornment of Oatholic doctrine, for the
good of society, and for the growth of all the sciences."
Hadrian II, in an allocution to the Roman Synod, in 869, says:
"We read that the Roman Pontiff has pronounced judgments on the
prelates of all the churches; we do not read that anybody has pro-
nounced sentence on him."
Nicholas, to Emperor Michael, says: "It is evident that the
judgment of the Apostolic See, than which there is no authority
greater, may be rejected by no one, nor is it lawful for anyone to
pass judgment on its judgment." These sentiments of former Popes
are quoted with approval by Pope Leo XIII in his encyclicals, p.387.
Leo XIII, in his encyclical letter Satis Cognitum of 1896, makes
1. arbitrary assumptions, 2. wholly unhistorical assertions, 3. unjusti-
fiable quotations. a) He quotes St. Pacian as saying: "To Peter the
Lord spake; to one therefore that He might establish unity upon
one." But the Pope omits to mention that St. Pacian continues:
"And soon He was to give the same injunction to the general body."
b) He cites, in confirmation of the papal view of Peter as the rock,
some quite ambiguous words of Origen, although the context proves
conclusively that Origen had no idea that Peter had any privilege
which all the other apostles did not share. c) He cites St.Oyprian as
How Pete! Became Pope. 493
saying "of the Roman Ohurch that 'it is the l'Oot and mother of the
Oatholic Ohurch, the Ohair of St. Peter, and the principal Ohurch
whence sacerdotal unity had its origin.'" This is a combination of
two different passages, of which the first, "the root and mother of the
Oatholic Ohurch," has no reference to the Roman Ohurch, and the
second, from a letter strongly rebuking the Pope, refers to Rome as
the source of the apostolical succession in Africa. (Bp. Gore,
R. C. C., 199.)
It was the oft-repeated reproach of the Greeks that the Roman
Ohurch was "the native home of inventions and falsification of
documents." J anus says: "Like successive strata of the earth cov-
ering one another, so layer after layer of forgeries and falsifications
was piled up in the Ohurch." (p.117.)
Pope Leo XIII, in his encyclical Letter Satis Cognitum, of
June 20, 1896, says: "Out off from the Oatholic Ohurch, a man
becomes a heretic. Separated from the Oatholic Ohurch, .a man is
united to an adulteress." (Page 358.)
May the Pope kill these heretics? The Institutiones Iuris EccZe-
siastici of the Jesuit Father Marianus de Luca, professor of the
Papal University at Rome, issued from the Vatican press in 1901,
approved by Leo XIII: -
"The Ohurch has a coercive power even to the extent of the death-
sentence. It must put these wicked men [heretics] to death." (VoL I,
142. 143. McOabe, The Popes, pp.210--213.)
"A man is speaking who has visited more seminaries than there
are in North America, who has lived more than twenty-five years
among priests and seminarists, who has heard thousands of general
confessions. . .. We can assure the reader that there have been
seminaries that were closed because the majority of the inmates (there
were about two hundred) had become contaminated with the plague
of Pentapolis. And we know a number of seminaries that should like-
wise be closed because the vice of Sodom corrodes the majority of
its inhabitants. InteZZigenti pauca.
"Will the ordination which they receive, in the majority of cases
against the express mandate of their last confessor, make them any
better?
"We can swear as a priest and affirm as a gentleman that the
youths are not bettered. We have heard the same views expressed in
intimate conversations with many eminent Spaniards, Frenchmen,
and Italians, and whenever we have asked any Jesuit Father, any
Franciscan 01' Oapuchin and other priests who have visited some
dioceses, devoting their time to work among the priests, we have
received the same answer. . .. Engaged in missionary work in one
of the largest dioceses of Spain, which is considered one of the best,
the infraction of Benedict XIV's Bulla Sacramentum Poeniten-
494 How Peter Became Pope.
tiae. . . . We observed with a sorrowful surprise that this most grave
of abuses continued. . .. The provisor to whom we carried our com-
plaint answered us with tears in his eyes, as we will confirm under
oath: 'Oh, Father, I do not know what we shall do; for nearly, if
not all, are doing the same thing; and on the other hand, I have
just received orders from Rome that we shall be lenient in this
matter.' It may be asserted that celibacy has ceased to be a general
custom among the priests.
"What were the present Reformist nations while they still were
Romanist with respect to the others? Who will gainsay that we were
greatly superior to them in everything, in literature, philosophy,
theology, exegesis, social culture, and so forth? And what has hap-
pened since then? The Romanist nations have declined more and
more, so that now many of them are spoken of as dead nations, while
the Reformist nations are steadily advancing in knowledge, in
morality, and in general progress." (Fradryssa, pp. 248-252. 295.)
Pius X upheld the old claims of the Papacy, as is proved in the
Fairbanks-Roosevelt-Vatican affair.
As "Universal Bishop," successor of Peter, "Prince of the
Apostles," the Pope claims sole right to make and unmake bishops
and absolute rule over every bishop and archbishop throughout
the world.
In the oath of allegiance to the Pope the bishop elect swears to
remain faithful to the Holy See, to extend and promote the rights,
privileges, and powers of the See of Peter, to persecute and fight all
heretics and schismatics to the utmost of his ability, to undertake
to visit Rome at stated intervals and whenever specially summoned,
and to give an account to the Pope of his whole pastoral office. (Our
Brief, 42-44; Oarl Mirbt, Quellen z. Gesch. d. Papsttums, 2. ed., 438.)
The absolute rule of the Pope may be seen from the pastoral of
Oardinal Langenieux, Archbishop of Reims, dated July 20, 1904:
"We renew our unbounded submission to the Vicar of Jesus Ohrist.
His authority has no other limits than those which he himself pre-
scribes. We should consequently obey him in everything he orders
or counsels. We wish to be the first among you to practise that simple
and prompt obedience which admits of neither hesitation nor calcu-
lation." (Our Brief, 44.)
In a letter to the London Times of August 1, 1904, the Oatholic
historian Dom Gasquet, O. S. B., writing as to the Pope's power "to
deal directly with any individual bishop when and how he may
choose," asks: "How otherwise could any supreme spiritual authority
govern the subjects who have taken an oath to obey him in all
matters relating to that sphere?"
For the consequences of this papal rule carefully consider the
words of Father Hyacinthe in the London Times, August 15, 1904:
'Iiie jJamiIie 'Iiabins. 495
"France and Italy can only advance in proportion to their emancl~
pation from 'this fatal servitude to a foreign power, which was never
instituted by Ohrist and which was unknown during the early cen-
turies of the Ohurch's history.'''
Pope Pius XI calls February 11, 1929, a "turning-point in the
history of the Holy See and the Ohurch." (Milwaukee Sentinel,
March 10, 1929.)
On that day Mussolini gave the Pope the Vatican Oity, and
"Peter" is again a temporal ruler.
"Deus vos impleat odio papae!" (Luther.)
Milwaukee, Wis. WILLIAM DALLMANN.