(!lnurnrbtu
UJl1rnlngtrul :!Inut41y
Continuing
Lehre und Wehre (Vol. LXXVI)
Magazin fuer Ev.-Luth. Homiletik (Vol. LIV)
Theol. Quarterly (1897-1920) -Theol. Monthly (Vol. X)
Vol. I June, 1930 No.6
CONTENTS
Page
PIEPER, F.: Thesen, die dem "theologischen Schluss-
examen" dienen koennen... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 401
DALLMANN, W.: How Peter Became Pope .. . ............ 406
ENGELDER, TH.: Marburg: Der Sieg ueber den Unionis-
mus. (Fortsetzung.)... . . ... ...... . . .. ...... . ........... 416
KRETZMANN, P. E.: The Place and the Time of the Cap-
tivity Letters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 426
WISMAR, O. W.: Sermon Study 011 Eph. 2, 19-22 .... . ... 434
Dispositionen ueber die Eisenacher Evangelienreihe... .. .. . 440
Theological Observer. - Kirchlich-Zeitgeschichtliches .... " 450
Vermischtes und zeitgeschichtliche Notizen ................ 468
Book Review. - Literatur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 470
Ein Predlger muss nlcht all.in ","'den,
also dass er die Schafe unterweise, wie
ele rechte Ohr~en BOllen seln, sondem
auch dllneben den Woelfen wehren, dan •
• ie die Schaf. nlcht angreifen und mit
falscher Lehre verfuehren und Irrtum eln·
fuehren. - Luther.
Es ist keln Ding, daB die Leute mehr
bei der Kirche behaelt, denn die gute
Predlgt. - Apo!ogt.., Art. Iij.
If the trumpet give an uncertain Bound,
who shall prepare himself to the battle t
100'.14,8.
Published for the
Ev. Luth. Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and Other States
CONCORDIA PU:BLISHING HOUSE, St. Louis, Mo.
470 Book Review. - \litetatut.
Book Review. - £itCtlltUt.
;.i)ie Dffenlinrnng be~ ~o~anne~. mon D. ~. f;! abo t n. (::t1)eoiogifd)er
f;!anbfommentat Bum sneuen steftament mit ste!:t unb !J1atapf)tafe.)
XVIII. lSanb. ~. ~eid)ertfd)e medagsbud)f)anbiung (D.~etnet i6ef)oll).
XIII unb 243 i6eiten 7XIO. !J1reis: @e!)eftet, M.15; gebunben, M. IS.
~s ift ein neues, bead)tensttJedes Sl:ommentatttJed 3um sneuen steftament, bon
bem feit einiger Seit hiefe ~uslegung bes Ietten lSucf)es bes sneuen steftaments
aIS etfter lSanb borIiegt. ~s foll ein f;! an b f 0 m men tat fein, befonbers filr
i6tubierenbe unb ~rehiget, unb bas lSefiteben ber lSeatbeiter ge!)t ba!)in, ben
reIigiiifen @e!)aIt jeber neuteftamentIid)en i6d)tift butd) e!:afie ~in3eIedliimng
unb butd) 3ufammenfaffenbe @efamtbatftellung bat3Ubieten. ~ie lSeatbeiter -
ttJit nennen beifpieIsttJeife bie ~rofeffoten ~It!)aus in ~t!angen, lSild)fe! in ffioftocf,
~eif3tter in @teifsttJalb, f;!abom in lSem, Sl:itteI in stilbingen, Sl:iigeI in Sl:ie! -
finb betannte neuteftamentIid)e ~!:egeten ber @egenttJad, bie fid) fd)on aUf hie eine
ober anbete ~eife !)crborgetan !)aben, ttJie Sl:iigeI, ber i6o!)n bes befannten lSet~
finer Dber!)ofprebigets, als bet fe!)r betbiente lSeatbeitet bet neuen ~usgabe bes
lrremetfd)en "lSibIifd)d!)eologif cf)en ~iirtetfJUd)s bet neuteftamentIid)en @tiiBitiit",
einer i6d)atfammet filr ieben mebfJabet neuteftamentIicf)er ~!:egefe, ber fie red)t
au gebraud)en ttJei~. il'teUid) ift fottJof)I Sl:iige! ttJie aud) f;!abom bOt einigen
SJJlonaten geftorben. ~ie t!)cofogifd,e ffiid)tung ber lSeatbeiter ift fonfetbatib,
ttJomit alletbings nid)t gefagt ift, ba~ fie ted)t aUt i6d)tift aIS bem autotitatiben
itttumslofen @ottesttJott fte!)en. ~as ift ttJoljI bei teinem ber SJJlUarbeitet ber
il'all.~bet es ift bod) ein gana anbeter ston in bet ~usiegung aIS 3. IS. in bem
gana lints getid)teten gto~en International Oritical Oommentary, getabe aud)
ttJenn ttJit bie botliegenbe ~uslegung ber Dffenbatung bon f;!aborn unb bas ent~
fpted)enbe 3ttJeibiinhige ~ed The Revelation of St. John bon bem ~ngHinber
lR. f;!. lrljades in bem ebengenannten Sl:ommentar betgIeid)en. ~ller unniitige
!Sallaft foll in hiefem Sl:ommentarttJed betmieben ttJerben, ttJoau bie ~uf3iiljfung
aller miigIid)en unb unmiigIid)en ftilljeren unb gegenttJiirtigen ~d!Umngen geljiirt.
~s foll aUf bet f;!ii!)e bet SeU fteljen, ben fptad)Iid)en unb ljiftotifd)en il'ragen feine
bolle ~ufmerffamteit 3uttJenben, abet bod) bei allet reIigionsgefd)id)t!id)en mer~
gIeid)ung bas bem lrf)tiftentum ~igenartige etfaffen (f)offeutIicf)!). tim ben \lefer
red)t bei bem ste!:t au f)aIten - hie gto~e f;!auptfad)e in aller e!:egetifd)en ~tbeit -,
ttJitb bet gtied)ifcf)e ste!:t bollft1inbig abgebtucft unb baneben in einet 3ttJeiten
Sl:oIumne eine ftberfetung mit etIiiutemben ~infd)aItungen obet einer ~arapljtafe.
~a~ man f 0 ben \lef et lieft1inbig lieim @mnbte!:t feftf)iiIt, ift eine bor3ilgIid)e ~in~
tid)tung, bie aud) in bem betannten engIifd)en ~ed Alford's Greek Testament
unb bem bieIfad) an feine i6telle gettetenen Expositor's Greek Testament fief)
tinbet. ~bet ba~ man bann bei bem botiiegenben Sl:ommentatttJed in bet aUf
ben ste!:t fofgenben ~d!Utung nicf)t bie gfoffatotifcf)e, fonbem bie teptobuttibc
SJJletf)obe anttJenbet, ttJie es fd)on feit !Ungeter Seit aud) mit ben sneuauffagen bes
in bet gansen tljeologifcf)en ~eft betilf)mten SJJlel)erfd)en Sl:ommentars gefcf)ieljt,
erttJecft unfet gto~es lSebenten. ~urd) biefe reptobu3ierenbe SJJletf)obe, wie wit
liebet fagen, ttJerben 3U feicf)t bie @ebanten bes ~!:egeten f)ineingetragen (~iS egefe)
ftatt aus ben ~otten f)etausgettagen (~!: egefe). - ~as nun hie botIiegenbc
~usregung bet Dffenbatung bettifft, 10 miicf)ten ttJit gem aUf ein paat ~utenil
Book Review. -l3iteratur. 471
~untte einge~en, h1enn es miiglic9 h1are. SDer ?nerfaffer ~aU fie h1idlic9 filr ein
"biblifcges ~Uc9", bas "nirgenbs anbersh1o~in ~a~t aIS an bas ~nbe bet ~ibel"f
unb ftimmt bon &'detaen ein in ben "lliuf bes @faubens unb ber l5e~nfud)t, itt
ben mit biefem ~uc9 bie ~ibef ausUingt: ,,~omm/ &'d~tt ~~fu, fomm bafb!"
(15. 4.) ~r h1eift batauf ~in, h1efc9 eine ~ebeutung bie Dffenbarung im l3eben
ber ~ircge ~at, "h1ie 3a~freicf) in unfetn ~itcgenliebetn bie snnUange an bie Dffen~
barung finb" (15.3)/ unb h1ir btuUcgen nUt an ben "Stiinig bet GI:~otafe", ~~m~~
91icofaiS ,,®acget auf, tuft uns bie I5timme", au erinnetn/ um Dies 3U beftatigen.
SDet ?nctfaffet edennt fc9atf ben ~fanma~igen unb funftboUen snufbau ber Dffen~
barung unb teift, nac9 unfetet i'rbet3eugung mit boUftem lliec9t, h1enn h1ir auc9
eth1as anbets abgten3en, bas ~ud) in iieben gto~e ,{l~Uen bon ?nifionen: bie fieben
l5enbfc9teibcn, 1/9-3/22; bie fieben l5iegef, 4/1-8/1; bie fieben ~ofaunen,
8/2-11/19; ben snntid)riften, 12/1-14/20; bie ficben ,{lotnfc9afen, 151-16/21;
ben iJaU ~abefs, 17/1-19/10; bie &'docl)3ett bes l3ammes/ 19/11-22/5/ h10Su
am snnfang cine i'rbetfc9tift lommt/ 1/ 1-8/ unb am ~nbe ein I5c9fu~h1ort, 22/
6-21. Unb auc9 fonft finben h1it biele treffenbe ~inaefbemetfungen unb snb~
h1eifungen bede~rtet snusfegungen, bie mit 91u~en h1etben gelefen h1etben. snbet
anbererfeits milffen h1it bie gunoc snuffaffung bes ?netfaffers bet sn~ofaf~Ne ab~
fe~nen. ~t bietet, h1ie bas faft in aUen neueren snusfegungen ber Dffenoarung
me~t ober h1eniget bet fj'aU ift, eine ,,@efc9ic9te bet snusfegung" (15.14-19) unO
befennt fic9 barin au bet 3ettgefcl)ic9t!id)~enbgefc9ic9t!icgen snuffaffung, inbem er
aIS Die @runblage bes ?netftanbniffes bie ~e3ie~ung aUf bamafige ~etfonen unb
~teigniffe ~infteUt. ~t fagt 3.~.: "SDas ~ifb bon ber &'deifung bes tiibfid) bw
h1unbeten ::tietes" "rann" aUf nic9ts anbetes ge~en afS aUf ,,91ero unb lliom"
(15. 19). snber bie Dffenbarung f~tid)t auc9 "eh1ige ®a~t~eiten aus"/ "notigt"
bamit aUt t~~ifc9en reic9sgefd)ic9t!icl)en unb enbgefc9id)tlid)en ~tfliirung (15. 19)/
unb "bet±titt ben GI:~Uiasmus" (15. 197). ,,~abel ift nid)t nut bas aUe ~abe1
am ~u~~tat unb nic9t nut bas ffiom bet ~aif eraeit, f onbetn im l3aufe ber ~a~t~
~unbette iebe @to~ftabt unb jebe ®eltftabt, h1ie auc9 91eto feine ~nfatnationen
gefunben ~at" (15. 176). ®a~tenb bie fut~erifcge ~ird)e ie unb ie mit lliec9t "Die
fitc9engefc9ic9tlic9e SDeutung" bet±teten ~at/ fo fagt &'dabotn, ba~ bat aUf lImit
boUem ~tnft beraic9tet h1erben mu~". ,,~s finb reine gefc9ic9tlic9en ~erfonen unb
~reigniff e in bet Dffenbarung geh1eisf agt, h1eber Stonftantin noc9 bet ~a~ft noc9
Wlo~ammeb noc9 bie llieformatoren noc9 91a~oleon, h1eber bie ?niiHerh1anbetung
noc9 bie ~reU33ilge noc9 bie lliefotmation noc9 bie iJtanaiififcge lliebofution noc9
enbficl) bet ®eltfrieg" (15. 19). ?non ~inaef!)etten eth1a~nen h1ir, ba~ auc9 &'daborn
bie ,{la!)l 666/ ~a~. 13/ 18/ auf ben ~aifer 91eto nac9 bem ,{la~lenh1ert bet ~ebtai~
lc9en ~uc9ftaben, i~P l\i~, lietec9net, freific9 mit snusfaffung bes bOc9 faft niitigen
~ in it?P = "alGae! (15. 146 ff.) l50Ute h1itffic9 gtiec9ifc9rebenben l3efetn cine
fom~fiaiette ~erec9nung nad) ~ebtaifc9en ~uc9ftaben 3ugemutet h10rben fein? ®ir
fagen: 666 ift Die ,{la~l bessnntic9riften, h1enn man auc9 bie ~erec9nung nic9t ficger
angeben fann. Unb bie fj'ilnf, bie gefaUen finb, ~a~. 17/ 10/ finb filr ben ?net~
faffer bann gans natutgema~ snuguftus, ::tibetius, Gl:aligufa, ~laubius, 91eto, unb
"bet fed)fte, bet ift enth1eber @afba ober einet bet anbetn ~ratenbenten obet ?nef~a~
fian" (15. 175). ®ir !)aften f)ingegen bafilt, bat Die altere snuslegung, bie Die
I5teUe auf bie ®eUteicge (obet aUf bie ffiegierungsfotmen) beaie!)t, h10bei bann bas
f ec9fte ffieic9 bas tomif cge unb bas fiebte bas antic9riftif cge llieic9 ift, gute @tilnbe
filr fic9 ~at. l3. fj' it r b ri n g e r.
472 Book Review. - mteratut.
The Real Jesus: What He Taught, What He Did, Who He Was.
By Charles Fiske, Bishop of Central New York, and Burton Scott
Easton, Professor of the Interpretation and Literature of the New
Testament, General Theological Seminary. Harper & Brothers, New
York and London. 261 pages, 6X8. Price, $2.50.
It is getting to be the fa.shioll for New Testament scholars to write
a life of Christ, and a greater subject no one could choose, to be sure.
Alas, that most of these lives had better not be written! The book before
us is the joint product of two Episcopalian clergymen, bo·th eminent in
the world of letters and religion. Bishop Fiske frequently writes for
magazines amI has published a. number of books, among them one that
pa,rtly has been taken over into this work, The Christ We Know, a.nd·
another one tha,t. ha,s been given wide publicity, The Confessions of a Puz-
zled Parson. Dr. Easton's book The Gospel bef01-e the Gospels has given
expression to the critical views which are at the basis of this life of Christ.
He is probably best known as the author of a commenta.ry on the Gospel
according t.o St,. Luke. The aim .of the autho.rs, as they say in the Preface,
was "to give an account of the life, work, and teaching of Jesus as a read-
able and interesting story, while yet basing the account .on the reasonably
assured results of historical criticism" (p. VII). They have succeeded in
giving us a readable book, that must be admitted. One here is not deterred
by long and involved sentences and by very abstruse technical discussions.
Tha,t the book is sufficiently scholarly may be granted, too. But what the
devout Christian is chiefly interested in, namely, the Scripturalness of the
life of Christ, has not been fully achieved. We have here an attempt to
ra,tiona.lize the account of the New Testament concerning Christ. The
writers ha,ve disca.rded the teaching that the Scripture records are in-
fallible, and hence they now a,nd then without scruples set down conclusi.ons
which are at variance with the doctrines of the Bible. It is but fair to
submit a few samples: "Oonsequently even Jesus, humanly speaking, felt
obliged to disclaim perfect and complete goodness that He might make the
questioner think of the divine standa,rd in the only wa,y possible for Him
to think of it" (the reference is to the conversation with the rich young
ruler, p. 44) . "In the face of facts - bitter facts of experience for others
as well as for ourselves - we know tha,t there are laws which no prayer
will ever overcome" (p. 85). The man in the country of the Gerasenes is
said to have cried out tha,t his name was Legion, "as if a grea.t regiment of
spirits held him in possession" (p. 96). In speaking of demoniacal pos-
session, the evangelists are said to be "using the terminology of their own
day" (p. 100) . Wha,t an a.rrog·ant statement is not the following: "It
should be sa.id explicitly tha,t not even dogmatic theologians nowadays
hold that anyone is bound to accept and defend every story exa.ctly as
written. Noone can doubt t.hat in the first century there existed a ten-
dency to heighten ma.rvelous elements, nor can anyone doubt tha,t this
tendency has aifected to some degree even our Gospel accounts" (p. 103) !
But why augment this list? The bias of the authors has become patent
enough by this time, I trust. I must not forget to mention tha,t the work
has some good points. Note the following: "Modern writers often speak
of the Sermon on the Mount as the heart of Jesus' Gospel. They a,re
mistaken. The teaching of the Sermon on the Mount is a,n utterly vital
Book Review. - 2itetntur. 473
part of Jesus' message; it is the rock [1] on which every spiritual house
must be built. But the Sermon on the Mount is not Gospel" (p. 51). The
authors defend the deity of Christ, His virgin birth, and His resurrection,
offering some good apologetic observations. The a,ppendix on Palest.ine in
Jesus' a.ay, though very brief, is valuable. W. ARNDT.
The Virgin Birth of Christ. By J. Gresham llfaohen, D. D., Litt. D.
415 pages, 6X9¥2. Harper & Brothers. Price, $5.00. Order from
Concordia Publishing House, St. Louis, Mo.
In the doctrinal controversies between the Liberalists and the Con-
serva,tives, the Modernists and the Fundamentalists, during the la,st three
decades or more, the doctrine of the virgin birth of Christ has occupied
a very prominent position. Dr. William Adams Brown, in Beliefs That
Matter (pp. 109. 116), clearly shows that he does not accept the Virgin
Birth, particularly not as an essential part of the correct picture of Christ.
Dr. Harry Emerson Fosdick, in The Modern Use of the Bwle, clearly in-
cludes the Virgin Birth in the number of miracles which his lecture Miraole
and Law could not acknowledge. And these two Modernists are evidently
acting as spokesmen for a score or more enemies of the truth whose
denials and vagaries are undermining the founda,t,ions of the truth per-
taining to salva,tion.
Opposing these two lea,ders of unbelief with their anay of formidable
forces we have a number of men in various church-bodies who have been
upholding the truth of Scriptures with an encouraging show of valiance.
Haldeman (Baptist) showed the untenable na,ture of Fosdick's position in
the light of the revealed truth. James Orr (United Free Church of Scot-
land) published his The Virgin Birth of Ghrist in 1907. Bertrand L. Con-
way (Catholic) published his The Virgin Birth in 1924, and Martin J.
Scott, of the same denomina,tion, followed with a book of the same title in
the next year. Both of these books are very decided in tone and correct
in argumentation, although they make use of tradition.
But among the very staunchest of defenders of the Biblical truth of the
Virgin Birth is Dr. Machen, formerly of the Presbyterian Seminary at
Princeton, now of the Westminster Theological Seminary of the conserva-
tive branch of the Presbyterian Church, loca,ted a,t Philadelphia. The book
which he has just issued is an outstanding monument of Biblical research
and conservative scholarship. With inexorable frankness and determination
he follows the exponents of unbelief, who have a,ttacked the Biblical doc-
trine of the Virgin Birth, through all the devious and intricate paths of
their specious arguments against the truth and with merciless thorough-
ness exposes them in all their glaring inconsistencies, contradictions, and
inadequate presenta,tions. Beginning with the sta,tus of the doctrine in the
second century, when it was a1ready fully established, he next takes up
the question whether the birth 'narrative is an original part of the third
gospel, whereupon he discusses, in order: Characteristics of the Lucan
narrative, the hymns of the first cha,pter of Luke, the origin and trans-
mission of the Lucan narrative, the integrity of the Lucan narrative, the
narra.tive in Matthew, the rela,tion between the narratives, the inherent
credibility of the narra,tives, the birth narratives and secular history, the
birth narratives and the rest of the New Testament, alterna,tive theories,
474 Book Review. - mteratur.
the theory of Jewish deriva,tion, and the theory of pagan derivation. Every
point is covered with the same thoroughness a,nd with constant reference
to the many a,rt.icles and monographs which have discussed the question
since it became an object, of controversy.
The final chapter, entitled "Conclusions and Consequences," offers a
very convenient summary of the arguments presentecl by the author
throughout the book. He asks, "Wbat is the importance of the question
of the Virgin Birth?" His answer is: "In the first pla,ce, the question is
obviously important for the general question of the authority of the
Bible. . .. If, therefore, the Virgin Birth be rejected, let us cease talking
about the 'authority of the Bible' or the 'infallibility of Scripture,' or
the like. Let us rather say plainly that that authority and that infal-
libility are gone. . .. The Bible teaches the virgin birth of Christ; a man
who accepts the Virgin Birth may continue to hold the full truthfulness
of the Bible; a man who rejects it, cannot possibly do so. That much at
least should be perfectly plain. - In the second place, the question of the
Virgin Birth is important, as a, test for a, man to a,pply to himself or to othe'rs
to determine whether one holds a naturalistic or a, supernaturalistic view
regarding Christ. . .. Misguided a,pologetics, we know, may sometimes
ha,ve obscured the issue; defenders of the Virgin Birth have sometimes
talked a,bout 'parthenogenesis' and thus ha,ve sought to bring the conception
by the Holy Spirit in Ma,ry's womb into some sort of ana,logy with what
nature can produce,. But such apologetic expedients, fortunately, are ra,re;
and certainly they a,re contrary to sound sense. It stHI remains true in
general that the question of the Virgin Birth brings us sharply before the
question of the supernatural and tha,t a man who accepts the Virgin Birth
has taken his stand squarely upon supernaturalistic ground." - Dr. Ma-
chen's book is the most comprehensive treatment of the question that has
appeared till now, and every pastor will find himself strengthened in his
own belief and better equipped to meet the attacks of the enemies if he
studies this book. P. E. KRETZMANN.
The Theology of Crisis.
University of Zurich.
5X71/ 2 . Price, $1.75.
By H. EmU Brunner, Professor of Theology,
Charles Scribner's Sons. 1929. lIS pages,
These addresses, delivered in 1929 at the semina,ry of the Reformed
Church in the United States, a,t Lancaster, Pa", later at, Union Theological
Seminary and fiVe other semina,ries, present, the Theology of Crisis put
forth by Karl Barth, Brunner, and others, as the cure for present-day
theology, which is sick unto dea,th with Modernism. "The Modernist
teaches, under the label of Christianity, a, religion which has nothing in
common with Christianity except a few words. . .. Liberalism, since the
days of the Stoics, of Pelagius, of Erasmus, of the Enlightenment, has ever
affirmed that the heart of man is not evil." The Theology of Crisis is
right in demanding the absolute expulsion of Modernism. What is to take
its place?
"Just this constitutes the difference between the Gospel and aU other
religions and philosophies. All [other] religions and philosophies - as
Luther saw it clearly in his da,y- seek righteousness by works, by human,
self-assertion. . .. This is what Paul means by justification by faith alone;
Book Review. - S3itetatut. 475
this is the meaning of sola, fide. . .. Divine a.ction is always that of in-
comprehensible grace. . .. The sola, gmtia, sola, fide, BOU, Deo gloria, of the
Christian faith, that is, the Pauline view of faith, is the only solid foun-
da,tion for ethics. . .. To quote again a word of Luther: 'It is not good
werks tha.t make a good man, but a good man who does geed works.'''
But in spite of these fine declara.tions the Theology of Crisis will not
effect the cure. It is itself fundamentally wrong.
It lacks the sola, Scriptum. Professor Brunner makes the fine state-
ment: "The Christian Church can never forsake its ba.se, the Scriptures,
and the Scriptures alone are God's Word." But in the very next sentence
he proceeds to forsake this base: "The Word of God in the Scriptures is
as little to be identified with the words of the Scriptures as the Christ
according to the flesh is to be identified with the Christ according to the
Spirit. The words of the Scriptures a.re human; tha,t is, God makes use
of human and therefore frail and fallible words of men, who a.re liable
to err. He who identifies the letters a.nd words of the Scriptures with the
Word of God has neiVer truly understood the Word of God." He even
quotes Luther in suppert of this view of the Bible, "who placed side by
side these two statements: 'The Scriptures alone are God's Word' and:
'They are the cradle in which Christ is laid.' Need it be mentioned that
he busied himself with Biblical criticism? . .. He who weuld knew what
constitutes the Word of God in the Bible must devote himself to Biblical
criticism, and. let it be understood, to searching, fearless, radical crit-
icism. . .. I myself am an adherent of a rather radical school of Biblical
criticism, which, for example, does not accept the Gospel of John a.s a his-
torical source and which finds legends in many pads of the synoptic
gospels." So, then, it is left to man himself to' select those portions of
Scripture whkh a.re true and to reject the rest, and after the patient has
cast out Modernism, he is given, to complete the cure, a dose of Modernism.
We are sure that we have diagnosed the