CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY- -a . C ~ Q . -; :z ;$ Volume 44. Number 1 -- - . . > , . - . a / ::;E '. . -L,.r-,c JANUARY 1980 Harry A. Huth, D.D., 1917-1979 ........................................... 1 Perceived Influences on Occupational Choice of Seminarians ...................................... William M. Cross 3 The Purpose and Fruits of the Holy Supper ................................................ C.J. Evanson 17 Luther's Understanding of "Church" in His Treatise On the Councils and the Church of 1539 ................................................ Eugene F. A. Klug 27 To Raymond Surburg on His ........................................................... Seventieth Birthday 39 ................... Raymond F. Surburg: A Selected Bibliography 41 Opinion of the Department of Systematic Theology ............ 46 ............................................................ Theological Observer 50 Homiletical Studies ............................................................... 61 .................................................................... Books Reviewed 79 Books Received ..................................................................... 99 Perceived Influences on Occupational Choice of Seminarians A comparative study of incoming students at Concordia Theological Seminary, Fort Wayne; Concordia Seminary, St. Louis; and Seminex, St. Louis William M. Cross This effort is the result of an interest aroused a number of years ago when I was working on my doctoral thesis. An important source and inspiration of my study, which dealt with the in- fluences felt by seminarians on their occupational choice, was Ross Scherer's thesis, Ministers of the Lutheran Church - Mis- souri Synod. Scherer emphasized a longterm contrast between students of Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, and those at Concor- dia Theologial Seminary, Springfield, Illinois. My interest in this contrast was aroused partly by the synodical controversey arising serveral years ago which had as one of its results the exit from the St. Louis seminary of most of the faculty members and students and their incorporation into Seminex. I was intrigued by the question, "What now would be, if any, the contrast between the students at Springfield and those of the reconstituted seminaries at St. Louis"? Personnel at all three schools were interested in my question. A shortened form of the questionnaire 1 used for my thesis in 1970 was administered in the fall of 1976 and 1977 to entering stu- dents. Some 65 instruments were completed and returned from Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, and 70 from Concordia Theolo- gical Seminary, Springfield (now relocated at Ft. Wayne), in 1976, while 35 completed questionnaires were sent back from Seminex in the fall of 1977. The data portrayed in this presenta- tion are identified by the numbers of items from the question- naire which are especially relevant to the contrasts Scherer noted, and the influences which he found to be significant. Following the presentation and the analysis of the data, a summary is made and conclusions are presented. An attempt is also made to suggest limitations of the study and implications for future research. The author welcomes inquiries, questions, and opportunities for dis- cussion with any persons so desiring. The numbering of the tables follows the numbering of items in the questionnaire. 4 CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY Table 2 Class in Seminary, by Seminary Class in Seminary I 2 3 4 5 Total Seminex ( N -69) 40% 33 % 1 % 26% 0% ~ 0 0 % St. Louis (N =65) 31% 47% 0% 20% 2% 100% Ft. Wayne (N -35) 97% 3% 0% 0% 0% 100% Over 70% of the students from all the schools were in the first and second years of their studies. Seminex had 97%, St. Louis nearly 80%, and Ft. Wayne, about 72% in these categories. Table 3 Age, by Seminary Age Seminex St.Louis Ft. Wayne (N =35) (N =65) (N =70) 2 1-24 68 % 67% 42% 25-29 17% 31% 37% 30 /over 15% 2% 21% Total ~00% 100% 100% Over two-thirds of both Serninex and St. Louis students were represented in the 21-24 age bracket, as compared with a bout 40% at Ft. Wayne. Only I?% at Seminex, but about one-third - nearly twice as many - of St. Louis and Ft. Wayne students were in the 25-29 age bracket. Over 20% of Ft. Wayne students and 15% of those at Seminex, as compared with only 2% of those at St. Louis. were in the 30-years-and -older group. Table 4 Racial Group All students at each school were Caucasian. Table 5 Sex While all students at St. Louis and Ft. Wayne were male, 25% of incoming Seminex students were female. Table 7 Number of Older Siblings, by Seminary n'umber of Older Seminex Siblings (N =35) 0 40% 1 26% 2 31 96 3 0% 4 0% 5 /more 3% Total St. Louis (N =65) 45% 15% 11% 15% 8% 6% 100% Ft. Wayne (N =70) 42% 24% 17% 9% 4% 4% 100% Perceived Influences 5 The contrast between the seminaries can be seen more adequately when the numbers are consolidated. Number of Older Seminex St. Louis Ft. Wayne Siblings (N =35) (N=65) (N 170) 0 40% 45% 42% 1 26 % 15% 24% 2 31% 1 1 % 17% 3 /over 3% 29% 17% Total 100% 100% 100% There is only a 5% difference between the schools as to the number of first-born students. Both show a very high proportion (over 40%) of first-borns. Seminex and Ft. Wayne had about 10% more students having one sibling born ahead of them. Seminex had nearly twice as many students having two older siblings (3 1 G / o to 17%) and nearly three times as many (3 1 a/o to 1 1 $%) as St. Louis. Seminary hiumber of Gminex St. Louis Ft. Wayne Older Siblings (N =35) (N=65) (N =70) 0-2 97% 7 1% 83% 3 /over 3% 29% 17% Total 100% 100% 100% Seminex had almost 30% more seminarians in the 0-2 category than St. Louis (97% to 71 %), and about 14% more than Ft. Wayne. St. Louis had nearly twice as many in the 3-and-over group as Ft. Wayne, and nearly ten times as many as Seminex. Table 9 Marital State, by Seminary Marital Seminex St. Louis Ft. Wayne State ( N =35) (N=65) (N =69) Never Married 62% 42% 30% Engaged 6% 6% 0% Married 26% 50% 66% Other 6% 2% 4% Total 1w% 100% 100% Almost two-thirds of Seminex students were never married - some 20% more than a t St. Louis,and over twiceas many asa t Ft. Wayne. About two-thirds of the seminarians a t Ft. Wayne and over 50% at St. Louis were married, but only about a quarter of the Seminex students. Engaged students numbered no more .than 6% at any school. 6 CONCORDlA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY Table 8 Size of Place of Origin, by Seminary Size of Place Seminex St. Louis Ft. Wayne (N -32) (N =64) (N =70) Farm, village, town 16% 25% 21% 2,500-24,999 31% 22% 20% 2 5,000-99,999 13% 25% 21% 100,000 / over 40% 28% 38% Total 100% 100% 100% About one-fourth of the students of the St. Louis seminary, as compared to about one-fifth of the Ft. Wayne men and only 16% of those at Seminex, came from rural or small town communi- ties. Fewer Ft. Wayne and St. Louis seminarians-about one-fifth of them - as compared to Seminex students-not quite one-third - came from communities of 2,500 to 24,999 people in size. About 10% more (40% and 38%, as compared to 28%) Seminex and Ft. Wayne students came from cities 100,000 and over. Table 12 Political Preference, by Seminary Political Seminex St. Louis Preference (N=34) (N=70) Democrat Liberal 24% 4% Conservative 18% 16% Republican Liberal 29% 9% Conservative 3% 48% Other 26% 23% Total 100% 100% Political Seminex St. Louis Preference I,i berals (Both parties) 53% 13% C'onserva t ives (Both parties) 21 % 64% Other 26% 23% Tota 1 100% 100% Ft. Wayne (N=69) Ft. Wayne Over half of the Seminex students are political liberals - over twice as many as those at Ft. Wayne, and over four times as many as those at St. Louis. Almost two thirds of the St. Louisans and over half of those at Ft. Wayne identified themselves as political- ly conservative; only about 20% of Seminex students did so. Perceived Influences 7 Table 13 Doctrinal Position, by Seminary Doctrinal Seminex St. Louis F t . Wayne Position (33) (63) (69) Liberal 30% 0% 0 Cd Conservative 12% 78% 94 %, Middle of road 58% 22% 6 %, Total 100% 100% 100% Liberals were present only at Seminex (30%). Moderates were strong at Seminex -- nearly 6076, and thus nearly three times as many as those at St. Louis, and nearly 10 times as many as those present at Ft. Wayne. Nearly all Ft. Wayne students and almost 80% of St. Louisans were conservative doctrinally, as compared with slightly over 10% at Seminex. Table 20 Highest Grade Completed by Father, b~ Seminary Highest Seminex St. Louis Ft. U a! ne Grade Completed (N-34) (h'=65) (h =70) 8th grade or less 9% 9 9i 24'; Some or all of high school 41% 43% 32Ci Some college or completed college 35% 25% 3 0 5 Post-gradua te work 15% 23% 1 4 5 Total 100% 100% lOO? Over 40% of the students at all three schools had fathers who had done at least some college work. Those at Seminex led (50%). followed closely by St. Louisans. Over 40% of both Seminex and St. Louis students had fathers with at least some high school edu- cation - nearly 10% more than were in this category at Ft. Wayne. Nearly three times as many students at Ft. Wayne had fathers with 8 grades or less of education. Table 21 Highest Grade Completed by Mother, by Seminary Highest Seminex St. Louis Ft. Wayne Grade Completed (N=65) ( N =6F) (h-70) 8th grade or less 6% Sc.; dCi Some or all high school 53% 45 C; 7 3 5 Some or all of college 38% 43F; 20q 8 CONCORDlA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY Post-graduate work 3% 4% 3% Total 100% 100% 100% Nearly twice as many St. Louis and Seminex students had mothers who had done some college work (47% and 41% respectively, as compared to 23%). Almost three-quarters of the Ft. Wayne men had mothers with at least some high school. This percentage compared with 53% in the case of Seminex and 45% in the case of St. Louis. Fewer than 10% oft he students at any of t he schools had mothers with 8 grades or less of education. Table 25 Age of First Thought of Becoming a Minister, by Seminary Age of First Seminex St. Louis Ft. Wayne Thought (N =35) (N =64) (N =67) Before ten 32% 34% 24% Between ten and thirteen 1 I% 25% 18% During high school J 7% 36% 15% During college 17% 3% 31% After college 23 % 2% 12% To ta 1 100% 100% 100% About 10% more students at both St. Louis and Seminex first thought of studying for the ministry before the age of ten. St. Louis led Ft. Wayne by 7% and Seminex by 14% in number of seminarians first considering the ministry between the ages of ten and thirteen. St. Louis had more than one-third, and over twice as many, with first thoughts on this matter occurring during high school. In contrast, nearly one-third of the Ft. Wayne students first considered the ministry during college - almost twice as many as those in this category at Seminex, and nearly ten times a s many as those at St. Louis. Seminex led in those deciding after college, with nearly onequarter - twice the number of students in this category at Ft. Wayne, and over ten times that at St. Louis. Table 25 Age of First Thought of Becoming a Minister, by Seminary. If we collapse the categories so that we have a two-by-two table, the contrast is even more evident. (See below.) Age of First Seminex St. Louis Ft. Wayne Thought (N-35) (N =64) (N 267) Before /during high school 60% 95% 57% Perceived 1 nfluences 9 Duringlafter college 40% 5% 43 % Total 100% 100% 100% Nearly all (95%) of the St. Louis students, as compared to less than two-thirds of those at Seminex (60%) and Ft. Wayne (57%), had first thought of becoming ministers before or during high school. About 40% of those from Ft. Wayne and Seminex (43% and 40% respectively) had such thoughts during or after college - about 8 times the number at St. Louis. Table 26 Age When I t W'as Definitely Decided to Study for the Ministry, by Seminary Age of Decision Before ten Between ten and thirteen During high school During college After college Total Seminex (N=33) 6% St. Louis (N=64) 7.5% Ft. Wayne (N =66) 4% The number of seminarians deciding before the age of ten to study for the ministry varied little by seminary. No school exceeded ten per cent in this category. Only 11% of St. Louisans definitely decided between the ages of 10 and 13. This number was, however, almost twice as many as at Seminex and Ft. Wayne. Over half (55%) of the St. Louis students had definitely decided to study for the ministry during high school. This num- ber was over 4 times that which obtained at Seminex, and 7 times that at Ft. Wayne. Nearly 50% of both the Seminex and Ft. Wayne students had definitely decided during college - nearly 7 times as many people as at St. Louis. Over two-thirds of the Ft. Wayne students (38%) and about 30% of those at Seminex made a definite decision after college - half-again to twice as many as those in this group of St. Louis. Table 26 Age When It Was Definitely Decided to Study for the Ministry, by Seminary Note the contrast when we go to the two-by-two table. (See below.) Age of Seminex St. Louis Ft. Wayne decision (N=33) (hi =64) (N =66) Before/during high school 24% 73% 1 8% 10 CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY Duringlafter college Total Almost 75% of the St. Louisans definitely decided t o study for the ministry before or during high school. More than 75 0/, ,f the students at both Ft. Wayne and Seminex had done SO during or after college. Table 27 Feeling Sure the Ministry Will Be One's Ldife Work , by &minary Sureness of Ministry Very sure Somewhat sure Undecided Somewhat unsure Very unsure Total Seminex (N =34) 61 % 24% 9% 3% 3% 100% St. Louis Ft , (N=63) 81% 11% 5% 1.5% 1.5% 100% W a y n e N =68) 87% 6% 4% 0% 3% 1 0 0 % Over 60% of the students in each school were very sure. Ft. Wayne led, with nearly 90%, followed by over 80% at St. L o u i s , and less than two-thirds at Seminex. Almost one-quarter of the Seminex people were somewhat sure, which was over twice the number of St. Louisans, and about 4 times the number of those at Ft. Wayne. Almost 10% of the Seminex students were u n d e c i d e d - about twice as many people as at Ft. Wayne and St. L o u i s . Table 29a. Extent of Participation in Church A c t i v i t i e s While in College, by Seminary Extent of Seminex St. Louis Ft, W a y n e Participation (N =35) (N =63) (N =69) Very much 26% 11% 23% Moderately 36% 38% 26% Slightly 29% 46% 37% Not at all 9% 5% 14% Total 100% 100% 100% About onequarter of both the Seminex and Ft. W a y n e Stu- dents participated very much (26% and 23% respectively) -- over twice as many as at St. Louis. Moderate participation was the case for over one-third of seminarians at Seminex and St - L o u i s , some 10% higher than the number at Ft. Wayne. Sl ight partici- pation was the pattern for St. Louis-almost SO%, as c o m p a r e d over one-third for Ft. Wayne and under one-third for Seminex- Greater contrast can be seen when we collapse our categories. (See below.) Perceived Influences 1 1 Extent of Seminex St. Louis Ft. Wayne Participation Very much/ moderate 62% 49% 49% Slightly / not at all 38% 51% 51% Total 100% 100% 100% Almost two-thirds of the Seminex students participated very much or moderately. St. Louis and Ft. Wayne students were divided nearly evenly between the categories. t Table 38 Extent to Which a Minister Influenced Decision to I Enter Seminary, by Seminary 1 i Ministerial Seminex St. Louis Ft. Wayne Influence (N=35) (N =62) (N =69) Most influence 54% 50% 42% Moderate influence 29% 42% 44% Least influence 17% 8% 14% Total 100% 100% 100% Over 50% of the St. Louis and Seminex students, and over 40% of those at Ft. Wayne felt strong influence. Moderate influence was experienced by more than 40% of the seminarians at Ft. Wayne (44%) and St. Louis (42%) - as compared to under 30% at Seminex. Ministerial Seminex St. Louis Ft. Wayne Influence Most / moderate influence 83% 92% 86% Least influence 17% 8% 14% Total 100% 100% 100% Table 41 Extent to Which Father Influenced Decision to Enter Seminary, by Seminary Father's Seminex St. Louis Ft. Wayne Influence (N=35) (N =65) (Nz69) Most influence 11% 18% 14% Moderate influence 46% 46% 38% Least influence 43% 36% 48 96 Total 100% 100% 100% Over a third (about 35%) of the St. Louis students, as com- pared with nearly 48% of those at Ft. Wayne and 43% at Seminex, felt little influence. Some 8% more at St. Louis and Serninex felt moderate influence from this source - over one-third of all stu- dents in each school. Nearly one-fifth of those at St. Louis, as 12 CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY compared with about 15% at Ft. Wayne, but only 11% a t Seminex, felt strong influence from this source. All groups had over half the students feeling combinations of strong and moderate influence, with about two-thirds of the St. Louis stu- dents in this category. Table 42 Extent to Which Mother Influenced the Decision to Enter Seminary, by Seminary Mot her's Seminex St. Louis Ft. Wayne Influence (N-35) (Nz65) (N=70) Most influence 14% 18% 11% Moderate influence 46% 51% 41% Least influence 40% 31% 48% Total 100% 100% 100% Slightly over half of the St, Louis seminarians, as compared t o slightly under half of those a t Seminex and about 40% of the Ft. Wayne men, felt moderate influence from .this source. Over a third at St. Louis, two-fifths at Seminex, but 50% at Ft. Wayne felt little influence. Table 48 Extent to Which a Desire to Help People Influenced Decision to Enter Seminary, by Seminary Desire to Seminex St. Louis Ft. Wayne Help People (N =34) (N=64) (N=69) Most influence 79% 67% 57% Moderate influence 15% 25% 29% Least influence 6% 8% 14% Total 100% 100% 1 0 % A majority of students a t each seminary felt strong influence from this source. Almost 4 out of 5 a t Seminex, over two-thirds a t St. Louis, and nearly 60% at Ft. Wayne felt "most influence." About one-fourth of those a t Ft. Wayne and St. Louis, but only about 15?? of Seminex people perceived "moderate influence." "Least . influence" did not exceed 15% at any school. Such influence was experienced about twice as much at Ft. Wayneas a t St. Louis and Seminex. Table 49 Extent to Which Concern for Social and Corn- munity Problems Influenced Decision to Enter Seminary, by Seminary Concern for Seminex St. Louis Ft. Wayne Problems (N 135) (N=65) (N =67) Most influence 63 % 23% 16% Moderate influence 31% 55% 40% Least influence 6% 22% 44% Total 100% 100% 100% Perceived 1 nfluences 13 Students at all of the seminaries felt substantial moderate in- fluence from this source, with those from St. Louis ahead of Ft. Wayne by about IS%, and in front of Seminex by nearly two-to- one. About one-quarter at St. Louis, 16% at Ft. Wayne, but nearly two-thirds at Seminex felt strong influence. Minimal in- fluence operated for over 40% of the Ft. Wayne students. This number was twice the figure at St. Louis, and over 7 times that at Seminex. Table 50 Extent to Which a Feeling of Duty influenced Deci- sion to Enter Seminary, by Seminary Influence of Seminex St. Louis Ft. Wayne Duty (N=35) (hi =65) (N '68) Most influence 20% 18% 2 1 % Moderate influence 57% 54% 38 % Least influence 23% 28% 41 96 Total 100% 100% 100% Over half of the St. Louis and Seminex students but under 40% of those at Ft. Wayne felt moderate influence from this source. About the same number (around 20%) from all the schools felt strong influence. Nearly 50% more at Ft. Wayne felt only minimal influence. Students from all seminaries felt a substantial amount of moderate influence from father, mother, and feeling of duty. St. Louis students tended to feel these influences to a stronger extent. The table below sums up this contrast. Source of Influence Seminex St. Louis Ft. Wayne Feeling of duty 57% 54% 38% Mother 46% 5 1% 41% Fat her 46% 46% 38 % Table 51 Extent to Which a Feeling of Divine Call In- fluenced Decision to Enter Seminary, by Seminary Feeling of Seminex St. 1,ouis Ft. Wayne Divine Call (IV=35) (hi =65) (N =68) Most influence 65% 74% 67 % Moderate influence 26% 25% 24% Least influence 9c7c 1% 9% Total 100% 1 OOqi 100% Students of a11 seminaries felt very strongly an influence of divine call, with those at St. Louis being influenced more strongly by 17% to 19%. Students of this school felt moderate influence to about the same extent as did those of Ft. Wayne and Seminex. CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY 14 Summary Table of Most Felt Influence, by Seminary Source of Influence Seminex St. Louis Ft. Wayne Desire to Help People 79% 67% 57% Divine Call 65% 74% 67 % Concern for Social and Com- munity Problems 63% 23% 16% Minister 54% 50% 42% A considerable number of influences were perceived as having little or no effect. The extent of such influences varied con- siderably by school, up to about 10 percentage points. The sum- mational table below shows the contrast. Perceived Influence (Minimal) Scout Leader Brother Councilman Youth Leader Woman Companian Friend No Felt Alternate Teacher Seminex 100% 85% 80% 74% 64% 44% 60% 66% Seminary St. Louis 95% 82% 77% 63% 70% 64% 62% 55% Ft. Wayne 92% 83% 72% 78% 48% 64% 56% 63% The present study, then, is based on the results of 1 35 question- naires completed by incoming students in the fall of 1976 at Con- cordia Seminary, St. Louis, and at Concordia Theological Semi- nary, now in Ft. Wayne, and the results of 35 questionnaires completed in the fall of 1977 at Seminex, St. Louis. Over 70% of the students at each school were in the first two years of their studies. Seminex and St. Louis students were younger and of a narrower age range. All respondents were Caucasians. While all students at the Concordias were male, 25% of those at Seminex were females. Slightly over 40% at each school were first-borns. There was little difference as to size of place of origin. Two-thirds of Seminex students had never married - just the opposite of those at Ft. Wayne. St. Louis men were divided equally between these categories. Politically, over 50% of the Seminex students were liberals. Over half of those at Ft. Wayne and nearly two- thirds at St. Louis were conservatives. Doctrinally, nearly 60% of the Seminex students were moderate and 30% were liberal. Both Concordias were strongly conservative - over 75% at St. Louis, Perceived Influences 15 and over 90% at Ft. Wayne. Fathers and mothers of Seminexand s t , Louis students were better educated. Ft. Wayne students tended to think about the ministry for the first time during or after college, in contrast to the St. Louisans, who tended todo so much earlier. Seminex students were spread out in between these two poles. The definite decision to study for the ministry was made by nearly three-fourths of the St. Louisans before or during high school. In contrast, over three-quarten of the Seminex students and over four-fifths of those at Ft. Wayne decided to do so during or after college. Over 80% of the students at the Concordias, but only about 60% of those at Seminex were very sure that the ministry would be their life work. Students of none of the three schools were heavily involved in church activities while in col- lege. Conclusions The fact that Ft. Wayne students completing the questionnaire tended to be of a wider age range may account for the fact that more of them are married. Wives and girlfriends showed up as a moderate influence for Ft. Wayne men but not for those at St. Louis or Seminex. Such a situation may indicate that woman companians may be more of an influence, career-wise, for Ft. Wayne students. That one-fourth of Seminex students are them- selves women gives evidence of a more liberal institutional atti- tude. It may be surprising to the reader to note that St. Louis stu- dents responding to the questionnaire were politically more conservative. This circumstance may be part of the "Seminex Ef- fect." Perhaps the more politically liberal persons have left, and with them the tendency of St. Louis men to have been in the past possibly more liberal than their Springfield counterparts. At any rate, a small majority of incoming Seminex students are political liberals. This "Seminex Effect" cannot be seen. at least not as much, in the area of doctrinal position. Though over three- quarters of St. Louis men identified themselves as conservatives, some 22%orso still saw themselves as moderates. If the "Seminex Effect" occurred, perhaps some of the earlier contrast to Spring- field remained. Note again that nearly 90% of incoming Seminex students identified themselves as liberals and moderates (30% and 5*% respectively). The older contrast of St. Louis men as being those who thought much earlier of the ministry, and who also decided early, seems to be evident. At any rate. these contrasts of early and late thought and decision concerning the are quite dear. Incoming Seminex students, however, a profile much like that of Ft. Wayne in this respect Stu- dents in all three schools seem very sure that the ministry will be their permanent career. It would seem to me that this circum- stance is further evidence of the "Seminex Effect." 1 am pre- suming that the pre-Seminex pattern at St. Louis was that the St. Louis men were considerably less sure that the ministry, at least the parish ministry, would be their life-work, as compared to their colleagues at Springfield. Incoming Seminex students seem to reflect this St. Louis pattern. Persons and influences affecting career choice were similar for all three groups. The strong and moderate influences, however, were felt to a greater extent by Seminex and St. Louis semi- narians. This situation may be due to the fact that these students tended to be younger as a group and felt family influences to choose the ministry more intensely. Students at all three schools show the influence of pastor, mother, and father - in that order, as Scherer observed some fifteen years ago. People and considera- tions which Scherer found to be sources of little or minimal influence make a similar showing in my data. Teachers and brothers, among others. are felt by him to be far down in the list of influences. Concern for people was, according to both Scherer and my findings, a strong motivation. Concern for community and social problems was felt strongly only by incoming students a t Seminex. Bibliography Cross, William M. "Occupational Aspirations and Expectations of Seminary Students." Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, South Dakota State Univer- sity, 1971. Scherer, Ross P. "Ministers of the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod: Ori- gins, Training, Careers, Lives, Places, Plans of Work and Reference." Un- published Ph. D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1963. Scherer, Ross P. "The Lutheran .Ministry: Origins. Careers, Self-Appraisal". The Cresser. XXV1 (January, 1963). 9-17. William M. Cross, Ph.D., is Professor of Sociology in Illinois College, Jack- sonville, Illinois.